Features of the microelement composition of saliva in elderly patients

Trace elements contained in human saliva, despite their small amount, perform a number of biological functions and are a reflection of the processes occurring in the body. The ease of sampling, the non-invasiveness of the method determine the high interest on the part of researchers from various fields of medicine in studying the diagnostic capabilities of salivary fluid as an auxiliary method in assessing the functional state of the body, the presence of pathological processes in it, determining the prerequisites for the development of certain diseases and developing preventive measures to prevent them. This is especially true in the diagnosis of elderly patients, due to the increased risk of occurrence and development of many diseases, on the one hand, and the possibility of multiple sampling for analysis, on the other.  

The paper analyzes studies on the possibilities of using the method of microelement analysis of saliva in elderly patients in relation to such pathological conditions as the development of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, a decrease in humoral and local immunity, including the development of chronic immune inflammation as one of the geriatric syndromes of initial asthenia, and also the development of periodontitis and type 2 diabetes. The prerequisites for the use of saliva analysis as the determination of pain biomarkers and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers for the diagnosis of pain syndrome and the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, respectively, are noted, which seems to be especially relevant in elderly patients with dementia, suffering from cognitive impairment and unable to communicate. A number of studies have analyzed the age-related changes in the microelement composition of saliva, including changes in the microelement composition of the saliva of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.  

According to the results of the review study, it should be noted that it is promising to study the possibilities of the microelement composition of saliva in elderly patients both as an auxiliary method for diagnosing various pathological conditions and in developing algorithms for the prevention and treatment of a number of diseases, as well as a method for evaluating the effectiveness of ongoing therapeutic procedures. 

1. Anisimova I. V., Zolotova L. Yu., Lomiashvili L. M., Simonyan L. A. Characteristics of questionnaire data, microcrystallization and laboratory parameters of oral fluid in patients with lichen planus. Problems of dentistry. 2018. 14(1): 5-10.

2. Borozentseva V. A., Silyutina M. V., Korshun E. I., Fesenko E. V., Borozentsev V. Yu., Matevosyan S. I. Features of the oral fluid in agerelated changes in the oral cavity. Modern problems of public health and medical statistics. 2020; 3:492-502.

3. Zaprudnova E. A., Azova N. R. Age-related changes in the enzymatic activity of saliva. Ecology of river basins: Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific and Practical Conference. 2021; 430-434.

4. Kvetnoy I. M., Linkova N. S., Pukhalskaya A. E., Kozlov K. L., Gurko G. I., Paltsev M. A. Inflammaging: a role in the pathogenesis and molecular diagnosis of age-associated dilated cardiomyopathy . Pathogenesis. 2021; 19(2): 67-72. DOI 10.25557/2310-0435.2021.02.67-72.

5. Linkova N. S., Pukhalskaya A. E., Ilnitsky A. N., Novak-Bobarykina U. A., Osipova O. A., Rozhdestvenskaya O. A., Kozlov K. L. Concentration of sirtuins in saliva: prospects for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease and the rate of aging of the body. Molecular medicine. 2021; 19(6): 37-42. DOI 10.29296/24999490-2021-06-06.

6. Makedonova Yu. A., Alexandrina E. S., Dyachenko S. V., Afanas'eva O. Yu., Kurkina O. N. Analysis of crystallograms of oral fluid in the dynamics of treatment of patients with pathology of the oral mucosa. Endodontics Today. 2022; 20(1): 64-71. DOI 10.36377/1726-7242-2022- 20-1-64-71.

7. Mikaelyan N. P., Komarov O. S., Davydov V. V., Meisner I. S. Biochemistry of the oral cavity in health and disease. M. : Publishing house IKAR. 2017; 64. ISBN 978-5-7974-0574-0.

8. Mitronin A. V., Antonova O. A. Biomarkers of mixed saliva as indicators of the state of the organism. Russian dentistry. 2022; 15(1): 61-62. DOI 10.17116/rosstomat20221501125.

9. Pavlenko E. M. Metabolic changes in the oral fluid in elderly and senile patients with generalized periodontitis. Bulletin of problems of biology and medicine. 2017; (2): 382-386.

10. Pinelis I. S., Pinelis Yu. I., Malezhik M. S., Usnitsky I. D. Indicators of innate and adaptive immunity in chronic generalized periodontitis in elderly and senile patients. Yakut Medical Journal. 2020; 1(69): 63-67.

11. Rizaev Zh. A., Asadullaev N. S., Abduvakilov Zh. U. Dynamics of age indicators of the physicochemical composition of the oral fluid in elderly and senile patients. Bulletin of problems of biology and medicine. 2018; 1(3(145)): 382-385.

12. Ruvinskaya G. R. The study of microelements of the oral fluid in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. International scientific and practical conference "Actual issues of medical prevention, diagnosis and treatment of dental diseases". Minsk, 2019; 154-162.

13. Saraev G. B., Mironova E. S., Linkova N. S., Bunin V. A., Paltsev M. A., Kvetnoy I. M. Investigation of signaling molecules in saliva: prospects for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and the rate of aging of people of different ages. Advances in Gerontology. 2019; 32(3): 364-369.

14. Smetanina O. A., Kazarina L. N., Gordetsov A. S., Krasnikova O. V. Early diagnosis of chronic catarrhal gingivitis using infrared spectroscopy of oral biological fluids. Endodontics Today. 2018.; 4:60-63. DOI 10.25636/PMP.2.2018.4.14.

15. Uspenskaya O. A., Trefilova O. V., Shevchenko E. A. Changes in the level of organic acids in the oral fluid during bleaching. Endodontics Today. 2018; 2:22-24. DOI 10.25636/PMP.2.2018.2.5.

16. Shulyatnikova O. A., Godovalov A. P., Rogozhnikov G. I., Yakovlev M. V., Batog K. A., Leushina E. A. Salivary alpha-amylase activity and the level of oral hygiene in some clinical states. Problems of dentistry. 2021; 17(1): 172-176.

17. Baima G., Iaderosa G., Corana M., Romano F., Citterio F., Giacomino A., Berta G. N., Aimetti M. Macro and trace elements signature of periodontitis in salvia: a systematic review with quality assessment of ionomics studies. Journal of periodontal research, 2022; 57(1): 30-40. DOI: 10.1111/jre.12956. PMID: 34837226. PMCID: PMC9298699.

18. Cantón-Habas V., Carrera-González M. D. P., Moreno-Casbas M. T., Quesada-Gómez J. M., Rich-Ruiz M. Correlation between biomarkers of pain in saliva and PAINAD scale in elderly people with cognitive impairment and inability to communicate: descriptive study protocol. BMJ Open. 2019; 10;9(11):e032927. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032927. PMID: 31712347; PMCID: PMC6858249.

19. Celik N., Gul P., Karakoc A., Akgul N. Trace Element Levels in Saliva in Subjects With Composite Filling. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021; 31(1): 59-64. DOI:10.17567/ ataunidfd.814181.

20. Fatima S., Rehman A., Shah K. U., Kamran M., Maschal S., Rustam S. A., Sabir M. W., Nayab A., Muzammal M. Composition and function of saliva: a review. World journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. 2020; 9(6): 1552-1567. DOI:10.20959/wjpps20206-16334.

21. Gleerup H. S., Hasselbalch S. G., Simonsen A. H. Biomarkers for Alzheimer disease in saliva: a systematic review. Disease markers. 2019. Article ID 4761054 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4761054.

22. Kerschan-Schindl K., Boschitsch E., Marculescu R., Gruber R., Pietschmann P. Bone turnover markers in serum but not in saliva correlate with bone mineral density. Scientific reports. 2020; 10(1):11550. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68442-z.

23. Krahel A., Hernik A., Dmitrzak-Weglarz M., Paszynska E. Saliva as diagnostic material and current methods of collection from oral cavity. Clinical laboratory. 2022; 68(10). DOI:10.7754/Clin.Lab.2022.211224.

24. Martínez L. M., Pagán D. M., Jornet P. L. Trace elements in saliva as markers of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biological trace element research. 2018; 186(2): 354-360. doi: 10.1007/s12011-018-1326-x.

25. Mozaffari H. R., Sharifi R., Raygani A. V., Sadeghi M., Nikray S., Naseri R. Salivary profile in adult type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a case-control study. The journal of the Pakistan medical association. 2019; 69(2): 190-194. PMID: 30804582.

26. Ntovas P., Loumprinis N., Maniatakos P., Margaritidi L., Rahiotis C. The effects of physical exercise on saliva composition: a comprehensive review. Dentistry journal. 2022; 10(1): 7. DOI: 10.3390/dj10010007.

27. Ogawa T., Hirose Y., Honda-Ogawa M., Sugimoto M. Composition on salivary microbiota in elderly subjects. Scientific reports. 2018; 8(1). DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-18677-0.

28. Proctor G. B., Shaalan A. M. Disease-induces changes in salivary gland function and the composition of saliva. Journal of dental research. 2021; 100(11): 002203452110048. DOI:10.1177/00220345211004842.

29. Pukhalskaia A. E., Dyatlova A. S., Linkova N. S., Kozlov K. L., Kvetnaia T. V., Koroleva M. V., Kvetnoy I. M. Sirtuins as possible predictors of aging and Alzheymer’s disease development: verification in the hippocampus and saliva. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2020; 169(6): 821-824. doi: 10.1007/s10517-020-04986-4. PMID: 33098511.

30. Romano F., Castiblanco A., Spadotto F., Di Scipio F., Malandrino M., Berta G. N., Aimetti M. ICP-Mass-Spectrometry Ionic Profile of Whole Saliva in Patients with Untreated and Treated Periodontitis. Biomedicines. 2020; 8(9): 354. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines8090354. PMID: 32942752; PMCID: PMC7555328.

31. Uchida H., Ovitt C. Novel impacts of saliva with regard to oral health. The journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2021; 127. DOI:10.1016/j. prosdent.2021.05.009.