Особенности жевания и пищевого поведения у детей с расстройствами аутистического спектра

ВВЕДЕНИЕ. У детей с расстройствами аутистического спектра (РАС) часто отмечаются особенности оральной сенсорики и пищевого поведения, а также атипичные реакции на стоматологические стимулы, что усложняет эндодонтическое лечение.

ЦЕЛЬ. Охарактеризовать пищевое поведение, жевание и глотание у детей с РАС и определить клинически значимые для эндодонтии риски: верификацию одонтогенной боли, эффективность инфильтрационной анестезии и переносимость изоляции.

МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Наблюдательное контролируемое исследование 178 детей 3–9 лет (РАС n = 124; контроль n = 54). Использованы опросники для родителей и клинические протоколы оценки частоты / длительности приемов пищи, оральной сенсорной реактивности, жевания и глотания. На приеме оценивали верификацию боли, работу инфильтрационной анестезии и переносимость коффердама. Межгрупповые различия тестировали при α = 0,005, значимые эффекты отмечены при всех p ≤ 0,003.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. У детей с РАС чаще наблюдались более частые, но меньшие по объему приемы пищи, удлиненные приемы пищи, повышенная сенсорная реактивность, нарушения жевания и глотания. В условиях стоматологического приема чаще фиксировались трудности верификации одонтогенной боли, вариабельная эффективность инфильтрационной анестезии и низкая переносимость изоляции.

ВЫВОДЫ. Профиль оральной сенсорики и питания при РАС значимо отличается от нейротипичного и предсказывает сложности с верификацией боли и переносимостью вмешательств. Предварительная подготовка и сенсорно-ориентированная коммуникация повышают успешность терапии. Поэтапное поведенческое ведение и адаптивные стратегии изоляции уменьшают аверсивные реакции. При нестабильной эффективности инфильтрационной анестезии следует пересматривать источник боли, корректировать технику и обеспечивать достаточную латентность / дробное введение в пределах безопасности. Учет родительских данных о питании и сенсорике повышает успех анестезии и осуществимость эндодонтического лечения.

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