Relevance. The process of tooth wear and direct restorations can progress and cause dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the assessment of which is quite effective using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

The aim is to study of the morphological parameters of the condyles and their relationship with the articular fossa of the TMJ using CBCT in patients with direct restorations in the masticatory region of the upper and lower jaws.

Materials and methods. We studied 26 CBCT (18 women and 8 men) with a ratio of teeth with I class, without clinical symptoms and not undergoing orthodontic treatment, with an average age of 45.6 years. TMJ was evaluated by angular and linear parameters on three sections.

Results. The entire space was larger on the right than on the left, however, this difference was only statistically significant for the superior and posterior spaces. The center of the condyle was shifted anteriorly more to the left than to the right, and also, the head of the condylar process had a more inclined anteriorly to the left than to the right. At coronal sections, the medial-lateral angulation was the same for both sides, as well as the distance from the center of the condyle to the mid-sagittal plane.

Conclusions. The features and the absence of clinical symptoms showed potential changes in TMJ on CBCT in patients with direct restorations that have been functioning for more than two years. 

Today, the market has a huge selection of oral hygiene products and items, which makes it difficult for patients to choose what they need. Despite the fact that in modern paste composition includes the various active components and additives, all the maximum effect in the prevention of dental diseases is a compound of calcium and fluoride. The article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of toothpastes containing calcium and fluoride ions in the prevention of dental diseases. The aim was to compare the effectiveness of toothpastes with calcium and fluoride in the prevention of dental diseases. The clinical and laboratory study involved 30 people aged 18-20 years. All participants in the experiment were divided into three groups. The first group used Clinpro ™ Tooth Crème (3M ESPE) treatment and prophylactic toothpaste. The second group was assigned paste SPLAT "Active" (SPLAT COSMETICS), (1000 ppm F¯, calcium glycerophosphate). Third – Colgate "Strong teeth. Fresh breath" (Colgate-Palmolive). We studied the effect of these toothpastes on indicators of the level of oral hygiene, the CFE index, caries resistance of enamel and the mineralizing potential of the oral fluid. Clinical and laboratory research data record good cleansing properties with a high level of anticaries and remineralizing effects. The use of toothpastes, which have calcium and fluorine in their composition, can affect not only the hard tissues of the tooth, but also the composition of the oral fluid. This provides an increase in the remineralizing properties of saliva and prevents a cariogenic situation in the oral cavity.

Nowadays the dental help quality improvement to the population is important. Constant search of effective methods of local anesthesia is a relevant issue.

Aim. The objective is to develop the modified way of mental anesthesia by S. Malamed technique on the basis of complex craniometrical, radiological and clinical researches.

Materials and methods. Anatomical-topographical features of mental foramen of 91 mandibular bones have been studied. Besides, computer tomography results (82 images) were applied to study mental foramen topography. The obtained data made a basis for development of Ushnitsky-Chakhov’s device for carrying out mental anesthesia by S. Malamed technique and to modify mental anesthesia by S. Malamed technique where blockade of incisal branch of the lower alveolar and mental nerves was carried out at 51 patients.

Results. The complex anatomical-topographic examination of the anterior width, altitudes of the symphysis and mandibula body, as well as the distance from the upper edge of the mental foramen to the occlusal surface and distance from the lower edge of the mental foramen to the lower edge of the mandibula has revealed the presence of variability of their indices. On the basis of the received results we have developed the device for carrying out mental anesthesia by S. Malamed technique which was applied to blockade incisal branch of the lower alveolar and mental nerves. The clinical assessment and analysis have revealed certain advantages of this device use, connected with more exact individual definition of topography of a mental foramen and depth of immersion of a needle that is not always considered when carrying out mental anesthesia by S. Malamed technique. At the same time the lasting effect of anesthesia in the field of innervation of mental and incisal branch of lower alveolar nerves is observed in 5-7 minutes. At the same time the zone of anesthesia corresponds to a standard technique of mental anesthesia by S. Malamed technique.

Conclusions. The modified way of mental anesthesia by S. Malamed technique with use of Ushnitsky-Chakhov’s device for carrying out mental anesthesia provides more exact determination of immersion depth of a syringe needle to a mental foramen taking into account specific features that minimizes trauma of mental neurovascular bunch and increases analgesic effect

Relevance. Recently, there is a tendency to increase the prevalence of chronic generalized periodontitis. It is established that one of the important factors predisposing to the development of generalized periodontitis and influencing its course is systemic osteoporosis, in the development of which the status of hormones regulating mineral metabolism is of great importance. In this regard, it is important to study the hormonal status of patients with aggressive forms of periodontitis to identify the main causal factors of the disease and their elimination.

Aim. Study of changes in the hormonal status of persons with chronic generalized periodontitis.

Materials and metods. A total of 100 patients aged 26 to 35 years diagnosed with chronic generalized periodontitis moderate and severe. Depending on the treatment, all the examined patients were divided into 4 groups: in group 1 were used calcemine and locally – metronidazole ; in group 2 were used calcemine and locally – metronidazole and EPLAN; in group 3 were used Tevabone and locally – metronidazole; in group 4 were used Tevabone and locally – metronidazole and EPLAN. To determine the level of calcidiol in serum, the test "ARCHITECT 25-OH Vitamin D" was used, the level of calcitonin was determined using The biomerica Calcitonin test (Biomerica Calcitonin, determination of intact parathyroid hormone in serum and plasma of human blood was carried out using the test system "Elecsys PTH". Data processing was performed using the statistical package STADIA, as well as statistical package add-in Microsoft Excel (2010).

Results. There was a decrease in calcidiol and calcitonin, an increase in parathyroid hormone in CGP. The proposed treatment regimen led to the normalization of the studied parameters. Aggressive forms of periodontitis are accompanied by a decrease in calcidiol and calcitonin, an increase in parathyroid hormone in the blood.

Conclusions. Clinical improvement and normalization of hormonal background against the background of the use of drugs "EPLAN" and "Tevabon" in the scheme of complex etiopathogenetic treatment was also noted. 

Prescribing antimicrobials to prevent and treat purulent-inflammatory complications during surgical interventions in outpatient practice is a common practice among dentists around the world. According to the National Center for Disease Control and Prevention (USA), approximately one in three antibiotic prescriptions is considered inappropriate. Due to the lack of scientific data, many clinicians are inclined to use antibiotics based on their experience or the experience of colleagues, which can lead to their unjustified prescription and the development of antibiotic resistance, which, according to the World Health Organization, is a growing international problem.

The most common laboratory study is currently a General blood test, the results of which are necessary not only for diagnosis, but also for further observation during treatment. The article presents the results of the study of indicators of clinical blood analysis depending on the localization of cancer and nosology of dental disease. The study groups included patients compared by age, sex, concomitant dental diseases in remission. The criteria for exclusion from the examination were cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy, patients who refused to participate in the examination and patients with stage 1 and 4 cancer. It was established the presence of signs of the initial stage of anemia, arising on the background of chronic disease. In connection with the above, it is recommended dynamic monitoring of changes in blood parameters in patients with diseases of the oral mucosa on the background of oncopathology.

Bioceramics-based sealers were introduced to the market after bioceramic cements had appeared. Recently, lots of studies have been carried out regarding the physicochemical and biological properties of sealer such as BioRoot RCSTM based on tricalcium silicate cement. The properties of this material are close to the properties of dentin, which makes it applicable in endodontics. The aim of this literature review was to describe the properties of tricalcium silicate cement, its rationale and comparison with similar properties of sealers from various groups of materials.

The literature review provides data on modern methods and tools used for intracoronal whitening, the advantages and disadvantages of whitening devital teeth, provides data on the causes of changes in the natural color of teeth, the effect of means for intracoronal whitening on the structure of tooth and periodontal tissues. The clinical stages of the whitening of an endodontic cured tooth are also described in detail.

Purpose. To analyze modern data on physiotherapeutic methods of prevention and treatment of hyperesthesia of teeth.

Materials and methods. 30 information sources studied, both domestic and foreign authors from 2002 to 2019, containing information on the use of physiotherapeutic methods in the prevention and treatment of hypersensitivity of teeth, were studied.

Results. Today, none of the known methods of physiotherapy is sufficiently effective, safe and able to replace the use of chemical and pharmacological drugs to eliminate the symptoms of dental hyperesthesia. A promising direction may be the development of technologies that use nanoparticles to obturate the dentin tubules of the tooth. 

Relevance. When using drug irrigants during endodontic treatment it is not always possible to achieve complete disinfection in the root canals, as well as in periapical tissues. This literature review aims to identify the effectiveness of the disinfecting effect of lasers in the root canals compared to other protocols.

Aim. To identify the effectiveness of using lasers as a disinfectant in the root canals.

Materials and methods. The literature was selected through the following databases PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary and Embase (Elsevier). Keywords that were used: lasers, endodontics, disinfection, photodynamic therapy. The search was limited to English and Russian language publications published from 2001 to 2018.

Results. A total of 49 articles were identified. After their selection by the criteria of inclusion and removal of duplicate articles, the total number became 12.

Conclusions. Lasers are effective as disinfectants in root canals, especially erbium lasers. The best activity is observed when they are used together with NaOCl. It should also be remembered that if we used lasers incorrectly, they can harm healthy tissues. 

The article presents the overview of modern etiological and pathogenetic aspects of inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues, which have multifactorial origin. At the same time, one of the major factors causing inflammatory process development is periodontium pathogenic microorganisms where with the greatest aggression actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, porphiromonas gingivalis, bacteroides forsythus, prevotella intermedia prevail. Meanwhile, one of the main nutritious assets for bacteria is the soft dental plaque that is usually connected with an unsatisfactory hygienic condition of the oral cavity. A microcirculation disorder in periodontal vessels which is followed by blood velocity reduction and development of periodontal tissue hypoxia, generally at the level of capillaries is the main cause from the pathogenetic point of view of chronic periodontal disease development. This situation causes further increase of pathological process in periodontal tissues which is followed by severe disturbances of angioarchitecture where a degree of its expressiveness depends on intensity and duration of inflammatory process. The wide range of etiological and pathogenetic factors of pathological processes of periodontal tissues of inflammatory and destructive character needs further researches to improve the treatment-and-prophylactic dental help taking into account their possible reasons and mechanisms of cause and development.

Today, there are a large number of different in function, both removable and non-removable devices used to treat distal occlusion. The article presents data on a comparative characteristic of the effectiveness of various methods of distalizing molars based on an analysis of modern literature.

Supernumerary teeth are considered one of the most significant tooth abnormalities in the initial and early stages of mixed and primary dentition. They are of great importance to dentists and parents because of the problems that they can cause. Mesiodens is one of the supernumerary teeth. Early recognition and diagnosis of this anomaly is important to prevent further complications. The aim of this review is to clarify the literature regarding the clinical, radiological aspects, treatment, and complications associated with mesiodens in primary and mixed teeth.

Palatal dilation techniques were developed as a method of applying significant force to the upper jaw in a horizontal plane to rupture the median palatal suture. To achieve this goal, various designs of devices have been developed over the years. The subject of the study of many authors were changes in the bone and dental system, as well as the duration of treatment results obtained due to the use of functional devices with different rates of action. The rate of expansion depends on the level of applied forces and the mode of activation of the device. There are 3 rates of expansion of the upper jaw: slow, semi-rapid and rapid. An alternative to rapid palatal expansion with the activation of the screw 1-2 times a day is a slow expansion with the activation of the screw 1 every 2 days or using of another type of apparatus, where the source of activation is the spring. The study, which compared the device with a spring and the device for rapid palatal expansion of adolescents, showed that they have a similar effect. The available data indicate that histological examination of sutures after palatal dilation confirmed the presence of pronounced activity of both apposition and resorption [25,26]. Devices for rapid palatal expansion (RPE/RME-rapid palatal/maxillary expansion), as well as semi-rapid and slow expansion are traditionally used as a method of correction of cross bite. In addition, they are used to increase the perimeter of the dentition of the upper jaw, normalize the level of the Wilson curve, "expand the smile" and to increase the patency of the respiratory tract. Maxillofacial anatomy is a critical factor influencing the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea. In combination with decreased oral volume, transverse maxillary deficiency is known to be a key contributor to obstructive sleep apnoe. After GNE, there is an increase in the volume of the nasal cavity and a decrease in the resistance of the nasal airflow. RME also allows the tongue to protrude forward and upward, expanding the space of the posterior pharyngeal airway during sleep [31, 32]. With regard to the pathology of the bite, the cross bite is much more common because of the narrow upper jaw than because of the insufficient width of the lower jaw. The most popular way to treat this pathology is rapid expansion of the jaw (RME).

The complex anatomy of the canal-root system and the features of the anatomical and topographic relationship of the posterior teeth of the maxilla lead to failure of endodontic treatment, which include the periodontitis. In this case report, the clinical, radiological, and histological aspects of the course of apical periodontitis of the 27 tooth are presented.

To effectively meet the current function and aesthetic needs of modern dentistry,  composites must allow operators to easily replicate layerings without renouncing the restoration effectiveness and durability. This case report describes the composite layered overlay technique restorations of the mandibular posterior teeth that can successfully replace invasive direct restorations.

Relevance. Optical properties of dental tissues can be captured by photography, considering the characteristics of the light sources. Therefore photography might become a way to communicate the color and the characterizing aspects of the teeth, reducing the misunderstandings between the dental practice and the laboratory in the project of dental restoration.

Purpose. To illustrate some ways of using the current photographic technology to document teeth color correctly, and to be able to communicate it without misunderstandings and to replicate it in a simple way.

Materials and methods. The photographs were taken using Nikon D500 digital camera, Nikkor 60 mm 2.8 macro lens, Nikon SB-700 Speedlight flash, natural light diffuser and a reflector panel.

Results. Correct precautions in execution of the photographs make it possible to obtain more realistic images and to limit defects in the perception of color, due to the incorrect use of the light sources.

Conclusions. Well executed photograph makes it possible to obtain high quality images that can be evaluated in the project of a restoration and in the communication of teeth color and shade, and repeatable color evaluations, although the exact rendering of the color in digital images still has a slight discrepancy between images and natural objects. The visual method is more subject to variables instead.