AIM. The analysis of the main factors causing bleeding in the oral cavity in persons in places of deprivation of liberty, and the search for ways to eliminate this symptom, considering the limited capabilities of the respondents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study involved 402 prisoners, 330 of whom were men and 72 women. The respondents were divided into age groups, the group of respondents under the age of 18 included 110 people, 18–25 years old – 7 people, 26–35 years old – 127 people, 36–45 years old – 94 people, 46–55 years old – 44 people and the group of 56 years and older consisted of 20 people. The respondents’ responses were analyzed using the StatTech v 4.6.1 (developed by Stattech LLC, Russia).

RESULTS. 25 questions were analyzed, among which reliable correlations between bleeding and its development factors were established.

CONCLUSIONS. Based on the analyzed data, bleeding as an objective symptom was noticed by 157 respondents who noted brushing their teeth and eating hard food as factors provoking the development of this pathology. In this regard, it is necessary to develop a program aimed at improving the hygienic status and raising awareness of prisoners about proper oral care, considering their stay in places of deprivation of liberty. Such a program should primarily be based on the motivation of prisoners to adjust and improve their personal oral hygiene. In addition, in addition to preventive conversations, it is necessary to conduct master classes on the technique of proper dental cleaning and the use of additional personal oral hygiene products.

INTRODUCTION. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) plays a crucial role in mastication, speech, and maintaining overall postural balance. Dysfunction in TMJ biomechanics can lead to local pain, functional limitations, and postural disturbances. Despite advances in digital technologies and the integration of osteopathy into dental practice, there remains a lack of accessible and validated tools for dynamic TMJ monitoring.

AIM. To develop and validate a method for quantitative assessment of mandibular biomechanics using craniometric measurements and digital technologies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ninety patients aged 19 to 61 years with TMJ dysfunction and extra-occlusal disorders were enrolled. Participants were divided into a main group, which received both dental and osteopathic treatment, and a control group, which received dental treatment only. Standardized digital imaging was performed pre- and post-treatment. Mandibular deviation was assessed by measuring the angle and perpendicular distance from the sagittal plane using a mobile application. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0, with significance set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS. A statistically significant reduction in mandibular deviation was observed in both groups (p < 0.05), with the main group showing greater improvements. The findings support the effectiveness of combining osteopathic correction with dental therapy in restoring mandibular biomechanics.

CONCLUSIONS. The proposed method provides an objective and efficient tool for assessing the outcomes of dental and osteopathic interventions in patients with TMJ dysfunction and offers potential for early detection of biomechanical impairments.

AIM. The objective of this study is to review possible methods of fixed prosthesis for patients with complete edentulousness using 4 dental implants.

RESULTS. Patients with complete edentulousness and significant alveolar bone atrophy often complain about unsatisfactory fixation of complete removable dentures. Dental implantation is used to make prostheses with stable fixation. Full fixed prostheses supported by 6–8 dental implants have the greatest stability and strength indicators, however, in some cases, with significant bone atrophy, the placement of a large number of implants is impossible. The “All-on-4” technique was proposed to accelerate the rehabilitation of elderly edentulous patients, which allows making fixed prosthesis supported by 4 dental implants without bone grafting procedures. This treatment method involves the installation of distal implants at an angle to the frontal plane in order to position the prosthetic platforms in the premolar area, which reduces the length of the distal console elements and distributes the occlusal load more evenly.

CONCLUSIONS. The “All-on-4” technique has become widespread among dentists due to its relative ease of performance, low cost and quick rehabilitation of edentulous patients. This treatment method shows high survival and success rates, and thus can be an effective alternative to placing more implants. However, this method of treatment requires further study from the point of view of functional changes of the dento-alveolar system in patients with complete absence of teeth and justification using the methods of electromyography of masticatory muscles and digital analysis of occlusion, as well as determination of critical values of angles of inclination of distal implants using the method of mathematical modeling.

INTRODUCTION. The complexity of the prognosis in the early and late stages of the conservative method of pulpitis treatment has limited its wide application. The article is aimed at studying and analyzing the potential of regenerative dentistry, which consists in restoring the function and structure of the dental pulp using innovative technologies. It is considered how biomaterials, fibrin framework (PRF) can be used to achieve this goal based on an experimental study and morphological assessment of the effect of these materials on the dental pulp. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a concentrate of platelets, which in recent years has become increasingly popular for regenerative procedures. An analysis of the materials used with appropriate conclusions is carried out.

AIM. To conduct a comparative morphological assessment of the use of modern bioactive materials and fibrin (PRF) as a scaffold in the treatment of pulp hyperemia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The experimental part of the study was performed on 8 white laboratory rats of 64 molars of teeth, Wistar lineage, of both sexes, with a body weight of 350–600 g, quarantined for at least 10–14 days, and kept in standard vivarium conditions of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Medical Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The animals were divided into 4 groups – 2 individuals and 16 teeth in each group. Group 1 animals used fibrin (PRF) + “Trioxident” “Vladmiva”, Group 2 collagen membrane Geistlich Bio-Gide® + “Biodentine”, Group 3 fibrin (PRF) + “Biodentine” “Septodont”, Group 4 “Dycal” “Dentsply”. The experiment was conducted under anesthesia (protocol of the Ethics Committee of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 125 dated 09/12/2023). On the chewing surfaces of the 1 st and 2 nd molars, diamond carbide spherical borons were used to open the tooth cavity with partial pulp exposure. The formed cavity was treated with 0.05% chlorhexidine solution and dried. The test materials were then applied to the autopsy area. Experimental animals were removed from the experiment on days 3, 14, and 30. The resulting biological material was fixed in a 10% neutral formalin solution, decalcified, then poured into a histological medium and stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to Van Gieson. The sections were obtained on an Accu-Cut SRM 200 rotary microtome.

RESULTS. In the course of an experimental study in group 1 using fibrin (PRF) + Trioxidant in the area of contact with the therapeutic material, activation of reactive and compensatory processes in the tooth pulp tissue was detected while maintaining its viability for 30 days, which indicated the most pronounced regenerative potential among all the studied groups. As a result of a morphological assessment of micro-preparations of pulp with direct coating with “Dycal” material, group 4 showed that on the 30^th day the pathological process developed in the pulp is irreversible, because morphological changes were most pronounced: inflammatory infiltration with the presence of lymphocytes and neutrophils in the infiltrate, sclerotic changes, as well as granulation tissue and necrosis focus in the area of contact with the therapeutic material were noted.

CONCLUSIONS. The results of an experimental study conducted to compare histological changes in the pulp state with the use of various groups of materials in the near and long-term follow-up periods showed that the combined use of bioactive materials and fibrin (PRF) for direct coating of pulp increases the effectiveness of dental treatment with diagnoses of pulp hyperemia, and is also a promising direction in regenerative dentistry, due to the high the potential to influence the stimulation of reparative processes in the tooth pulp.

INTRODUCTION. Calcifying metamorphosis and obliteration of the pulp chamber often complicate endodontic treatment, requiring the use of modern visualization and monitoring techniques during therapy.

The application of CBCT diagnostics allows for a better assessment of the condition of the dentin-pulp complex, which helps reduce risks and increase the effectiveness of complex endodontic treatment.

AIM. To conduct a statistical assessment of the prevalence of degenerative changes in the dentin-pulp complex of teeth based on data obtained from CBCT studies, as well as to identify possible correlational relationships between potential factors contributing to the development of calcifying metamorphosis in the pulp space of vital teeth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. For the retrospective analysis, 187 archival CBCT study data were selected. The obtained images were examined in all planes for the presence of discrete radiopaque masses in the radiolucent pulp space of the teeth, while the obliteration of the root pulp was determined based on the narrowing or complete closure of the root canal space visible on the radiograph. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software with a significance level set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS. During the statistical analysis, the prevalence of pulp calcifications was identified in 56.7% of cases, and pulp space obliteration was observed in 24%. Teeth with pulp stones were 1.8 times more likely to exhibit radiographic and clinical signs of caries compared to teeth with root canal obliteration. Among all examined teeth, nearly half in each calcification group had restorations. According to the obtained results, a positive correlation was found between pulp calcification and the dental status of the teeth.

CONCLUSIONS. According to the obtained data, a higher frequency of calcifications is associated with pulp inflammation caused by local prolonged irritants, such as the presence of deep restorations, carious processes, previously performed biological treatments, prior orthodontic treatment, trauma, and wear, as well as other systemic aspects.

INTRODUCTION. The bioelectric activity of the masticatory muscles is influenced by many factors due to the parameters of the craniofacial complex – morphometric parameters of the head. However, there is no data in the literature on the effect of the type of jaw growth during periods of alternating bite on the functional activity of the muscles that lift the lower jaw.

AIM. To determine the impact of jaw growth type, associated with the transition from deciduous to permanent teeth, on the bioelectrical activity of the masticatory muscles.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. A survey of 150 children aged 5 to 14 years was conducted, randomized into 5 groups – group I – the final period of milk bite and preparation of the jaw for tooth replacement. Group II – the first permanent molars and incisors of the lower jaw erupted. Group III – there was a change of permanent milk incisors. Group IV – there was a complete change of all baby teeth. Group V – the second permanent molars have erupted. An analysis of the telerentgenogram and the functional activity of the masticatory muscles is presented by determining absolute and relative indicators.

RESULTS. In patients of groups I, II and III, low bioelectric activity was detected, which increases during the complete change of all baby teeth and the eruption of the second permanent molars, which is due to the formation of chewing activity of the muscles. Also, during this period, the symmetry and synchronicity of the work of the masticatory and temporal muscles proper was noted.

CONCLUSIONS. Minimal changes during jaw growth due to the change of baby teeth lead to a change in the functional activity of the masticatory muscles, which may subsequently be a predictor factor for the development of neuromuscular imbalance in the maxillofacial region.

INTRODUCTION. Furcal perforation is a complex endodontic complication that can jeopardize treatment outcomes. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to prevent periodontal breakdown and tooth loss.

AIM. This case report aims to present the non-surgical management of a furcal perforation in a maxillary first molar caused by fiber post-placement, emphasizing the role of CBCT, biomaterials, and magnification.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. A 33-year-old female presented with mild pain and swelling in the upper left maxillary region. Clinical examination revealed a sinus tract near the cervical area. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) confirmed a furcal perforation with extrusion of a fiber post. The fiber post was carefully removed under magnification using ultrasonic tips. Hemostasis was achieved, and a calcium hydroxide dressing was applied to the perforation site to promote healing. After 10 days, the site was sealed with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). The tooth was then permanently restored following core buildup.

RESULTS. At the one-year follow-up, the tooth was asymptomatic. CBCT showed bone healing at the perforation site, and the sinus tract had resolved. Clinical and radiographic evaluation confirmed successful tissue repair and preservation of periodontal health.

CONCLUSIONS. This case highlights the importance of early detection and precise management of furcal perforations. The use of CBCT, magnification, and MTA enables predictable, non-surgical repair. Even in delayed cases, MTA provides effective sealing and promotes long-term clinical success.

INTRODUCTION. C-shaped root canals represent a complex anatomical variation, primarily seen in mandibular molars. Their intricate morphology poses significant challenges for diagnosis, cleaning, shaping, and obturation in endodontic practice.

AIM. To present a series of clinical cases illustrating the diagnosis and endodontic management of different types of C-shaped canals based on Fan’s classification.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four clinical cases involving mandibular molars with C-shaped canal configurations were managed in accordance with CARE and PRICE guidelines. Each case included clinical and radiographic diagnosis, working length determination, cleaning and shaping with either the R2 Reciproc (VDW) or PlexV (Orodeka) system, irrigation with NaOCl and EDTA under ultrasonic activation, and obturation using thermocompaction or single-cone techniques with bioceramic sealers.

RESULTS. All cases demonstrated successful identification and management of C-shaped canal systems (types C1 to C4). Clinical and radiological follow-up at 1 and 3 months showed favorable healing with resolution of symptoms and periapical pathology.

CONCLUSIONS. Early and accurate diagnosis of C-shaped canals, supported by clinical and radiographic examination, is critical for successful endodontic outcomes. The use of magnification, appropriate canal preparation techniques, and bioceramic materials significantly enhances treatment success in such complex anatomical variations.

INTRODUCTION. In the treatment of peri-implantitis, it is important to significantly relieve inflammation in the peri-implant area, stop bone resorption and stimulate tissue regeneration. This is possible when using laser radiation with the effects of pigment-free laser photoablation.
AIM. Improving the effectiveness of peri-implantitis treatment using pigment-free laser photoablation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. An experimental comparative study in 28 animals with model peri-implantitis under the influence of laser radiation with pigment-free photoablation and mechanical treatment of the periimplant area in equal groups. Treatment of 70 patients with peri-implantitis in 2 equal groups of 35 patients – using pigment-free laser photoablation and mechanical treatment. In the groups, the immediate and remote results were assessed according to clinical signs. Before and after treatment, laboratory analysis of C-reactive protein, S-IgA and cortisol was performed.
RESULTS. Morphological analysis showed that the use of pigment-free laser photoablation helps to reduce inflammation and accelerate tissue regeneration. Clinical analysis showed high efficiency of pigment-free laser photoablation by 3.2 times compared to mechanical treatment. Analysis of laboratory research showed that the use of pigment-free laser photoablation helps to reduce CRP by 7.6, stimulate S-IgA by 1.2 times, stimulate cortisol by 1.3 times compared to traditional mechanical and drug treatment of peri-implant pockets.
CONCLUSIONS. Our experimental and clinical laboratory studies confirm the need to use pigment-free laser photoablation to improve the effectiveness of peri-implantitis treatment

AIM. The feature of adaptive potential of secretory function of the small salivary glands besides flying composition of the civil aviation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. In the article presented results of the study of secretory function of small salivary glands beside 20 employees of flying and 15 overland compositions of civil aviation at the age 20–50 years with pathology of oral cavity and with sound condition of dentistry status. For achievement delivered purposes have developed and felt the way, concluding in revealing the small salivary glands on emerged secret and fixation its paper pattern in the manner of imprint. About level of the secretions of the small salivary glands witnessed the different diameter an imprint of secret. As a matter of convenience count small salivary glands divided in four orders in depending of diameter heel secret – from the most small, referred to IV order, before the most large (I order).
RESULTS. Amongst flying composition with sound condition of dentistry status at observation of the paper pattern revealed area of the lips with concentration of the small salivary glands only 1-st and 2-nd degree. Beside they comes to light scant few of the small salivary glands II and III order, density their small, on upper lip they, as contrasted with glands IV order, concentrated to medium closer, but on lower lip – on side left and right half. Beside flying composition with dentistry pathology discovered quite other regularity in respect of concentrations of the small salivary glands on upper and lower lip: both on upper and on lower lip practically were not discovered small salivary glands III and IV orders. Together with that quantitative importance of the small salivary glands II order besides flying composition with pathology of oral cavity turned out to be similar to patient without dentistry pathology.
CONCLUSIONS. Beside flying composition with dentistry pathology on amount of the secretions in the first place answer the glands II order, then to them are connected the glands III order. Beside they practically do not exist the appearances of the secret of the small salivary glands IV order that is indicative of absence their reserve function, conditioned stress-induced influence extreme factor of aircraft flight

AIM. To evaluate the presence of residual filling material in the root canal walls after retreatment and final irrigation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Fifty-two mandibular oval premolars were instrumented with ProTaper Next X1–X3 and divided into 2 groups: Group BC, filled with Bio-C Sealer and Group AH, filled with AH Plus. The experimental groups were retreated with a ProTaper Next X4 file and received different irrigation protocols (n = 13): Group BC-PUI: agitation with ultrasound; Group BC-EC: agitation with Easy Clean; Group AH-PUI: agitation with ultrasound; and Group AH-EC: agitation with Easy Clean. The remaining filling material in the dentinal tubules was evaluated in scanning electron microscope images by three evaluators who scored the samples. The Kappa test was performed to check interexaminer agreement. Pearson’s chi-square test with a significance level < of 5% was performed to compare the groups.
RESULTS. It was found that the BC-EC group showed better results in the apical and middle thirds. In the coronal third, the BC-PUI group also performed well. AH Plus showed the lower results in all situations.
CONCLUSIONS. In the apical third, the BC-EC group showed better performance, in the middle third, the AH-PUI group had the worst performance, and in the coronal third, the BC-PUI group stood out in terms of cleaning. This manuscript provides the importance of thorough cleaning, especially in difficult areas such as the apical third, is emphasized to improve the overall outcome of treatment

INTRODUCTION. Diagnosis of pulp diseases remains a pressing issue in dentistry, which is determined by their high prevalence and, in some cases, latent course.
AIM. To study new technologies developed for hardware testing of pulp vitality based on modern literature data.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. A systematic search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, Google Patents. The search depth was 6 years – from 2019 to 2024.
RESULTS. The search in the electronic library databases initially yielded 793 results. After screening titles and abstracts and removing duplicates, 368 articles were identified, assessed by reading their full text, and analysis of whether the publication criteria were met; 65 articles were included in the systematic review. Based on the results preliminary screening and application of the eligibility criteria, 15 publications were included in the qualitative analysis and 7 publications in the quantitative analysis, 43 publications were used to write the introduction text and in the discussion of the study results. Based on the patent search, 4 patents were included in the analysis. Most of the well-conducted and documented studies were devoted to the pulse oximetry method.
CONCLUSIONS. An analysis of modern literature sources showed that the most common methods for assessing pulp vitality are laser Doppler flowmetry and pulse oximetry. Pulse oximetry is the most accurate diagnostic tool. Alternative diagnostic methods are increasingly being explored for their potential to assess pulp vitality. The most frequently mentioned methods in scientific publications for 2019–2024 are: ultrasound Doppler flowmetry, transillumination, magnetic resonance imaging, speckle imaging, tooth temperature measurements, electroodontometry and plethysmography. However, to date, none of the alternative methods for diagnosing pulp vitality have been integrated into clinical practice, indicating an ongoing challenge in creating a reliable approach to assessing pulp vitality