Despite the great variety and wide application of light-cured composite restorative materials for the treatment of hard tissue diseases, the issue of longevity of restorations remains relevant to this day. One of the criteria for the long-term durability of a composite restoration is the finish of the restoration. Poor polishing and surface roughness significantly reduce the
service life of the restoration and provide a good environment for biofilm adhesion, loss of luster of the restoration, and caries recurrence. Thus, methods affecting the reduction of surface relief in restorations remain a current issue.

   Aim. To evaluate the surface roughness and porosity of composite filling materials after pre-polymerization heating.

   Materials and methods. Sixty composite samples were prepared in the form of 1 mm thick, 1.2 cm diameter disks. The samples were divided into 2 groups depending on the presence of pre-polymerization heating. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the roughness and to visualize the surface morphology of the samples. Porosity was measured using a vacuum sputtering unit, and a scanning electron microscope was used to obtain micrographs of the sample.

   Results. The use of pre-polymerization heating of composite filling materials in dental practice will allow dentists to significantly reduce the expression of the relief of the composite restoration by reducing the roughness and pore volume in the matrix of the composite filling material, which will certainly optimize the finishing of the restoration.

   Conclusions. Pre-polymerization heating has a positive effect on the surface topography of the composite restoration, reducing its roughness and porosity, which improves the stage of finishing: obtaining a dry gloss, ensuring the duration of color stability, as well as reducing the adhesion of microorganisms to the filling material, thereby increasing the longevity of the composite restoration.

   Aim. To select the optimal method for caries treatment of permanent teeth with different degree of enamel cariesresistance in children with innate unjoining lip and palate.

   Materials and methods. Beside 40 children was examined the condition of hard tissue of teeth. In dependent of enamel resistance was using atraumatic restorative treatment with using of new technology of prepared teeth by minimum invasive method with following filling by glassionomer cement. Among examined children, using enamel resistance test, revealed four level of resistance. Depending on the enamel resistance level, corresponding treatment was provided: a child with high and moderate enamel resistance was organized traditional treatment of caries. Children with low and very low enamel resistance had a complex of treatment-preventive approach in 3 directions: atraumatic restorative treatment of caries by method of minimal invasive prepared; local pathogenetic remotherapy by deep fluoridation combined with professional oral hygiene lessons, followed by filling of glassionomer’s cement; general pathogenetic therapy (in conjunction with the internist oral administration of calcium preparations, vitamin complexes and rational nutrition).

   Results. Complex of integration approach treatment of caries in children with innate unjoining lip and palate was highly reliable (р<0.001) effective in depending of source level enamel resistance. This approach helped prevent the development of secondary caries around early assessed filling material.

   Conclusions. Beside children with innate unjoining lip and palate in the course of active realization of the complex method of the treatment tooth decay was noted reliable reduction of cariesology complications after filling of carious cavity under low and very low enamel resistance on all under study parameters.

   Aim. Destructive changes in the tissues of the tooth and periodontium entail resorption of the hard tissues of the tooth in the apical region. The goal is to identify morphological changes in root tissues with destructive periodontitis and resorption phenomena after the treatment of the tooth with calcium-containing preparations using a scanning electron microscope.

   Materials and methods. Examination of teeth treated for destructive forms of periodontitis with apical resorption was performed using a JSM-6490LV scanning electron microscope (JEOL, Japan) with an energy-dispersive attachment INCA Penta FETx3 (OXFORD Instruments, England).

   Results. In the apical part of the root there is a cellular mixed layered cementum. The dentin and the dentin-cementum junction are highly calcified. On top of them is cellular cement with lacunae of cementoblasts. The relief of the zone of cell-free cement has a wavy structure, consists of dense collagen fibers with a high content of calcium. With external root resorption, we observe extensive destruction of the cementoblast layer. An area of newly formed cementum was found inside the apical foramen. On the apical surface, where the resorption covered the dentin layer, there was an area of newly formed cementum. Its cellular layer consisted of round-shaped cells rising above the tissue of a homogeneous structure, smoothly flowing into the spongy tissue denting the bone.

   Discussion. It can be assumed that prolonged use of calcium-containing drugs leads to calcification. The presence of dense connective tissue in the periodontium indicates regenerative processes. The control of cement formation remains uncertain.

   Conclusions. Perhaps we are seeing a reparative atypical regeneration of the cement of the apical part of the tooth root. Dentinal calcification. In the lateral parts of the apical region, there is an outer layer of cementum with no cementoblasts. An increase in the thickness of the cement was noted. It can be assumed that we observe the phenomenon of osteogenesis in the area of strong resorption.

   The foundations of negative experiences of dental treatment and clinical observation are laid in childhood, and the patient’s further attitude towards dental procedures depends on how the child’s first acquaintance with a dentist goes. Anxiety, tension and fear of upcoming pain can lead to the development of varying degrees of dental phobia. Children's fears do not
allow for complete and timely treatment, which requires the development of measures to correct them.

   Aim. Develop a technique for reducing anxiety in patients with dental anxiety at a pediatric dental appointment.

   Materials and methods. The study involved 90 children aged 6-15 years. They were divided into groups depending on the strength of the nervous system. In each group, the level of dental anxiety was determined and methods were used to reduce it, which included: motivational interviewing, art therapy, adaptation using hardware technologies.

   Results. After carrying out adaptation techniques for children, a decrease in dental anxiety was observed in each group of subjects. The technique was most effective in the group of children with a strong nervous system.

   Conclusions. This developed complex of psychological support for patients at a pediatric dental appointment (procedures promoting relaxation, distraction, perceived control) reduces the level of dental anxiety and improves the indicators of vegetative support.

   Aim. To analyze current data on the pharmacokinetics of drugs used for local anesthesia in dental practice, with particular emphasis on articaine-containing and mepivacaine-containing anesthetics.

   Materials and Methods. The study of up-to-date information from the Cyberleninka, Elibrary, Google Scholar and PubMed electronic databases was carried out during a systematic review of the literature. Selected and included articles, the content of which concerns the pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics articaine and mepivacaine.

   Results. 55 publications were reviewed. After analyzing the literature for inclusion criteria, the total number of publications has become 42.

   Conclusions. According to the analyzed data, the choice of local anaesthetic solution should be made individually for each patient and be based on the pharmacokinetics of the drug.

   Relevance. The modern concept of endodontic treatment in most clinical cases involves extirpation of the pulp with the loss of its plastic, trophic, sensory, and protective functions. In this regard, the search for ways to recreate lost cells and the main substance of the pulp and periodontium to replace the intraradicular space with “vital” tissue. Regenerative endodontics based on the principles of tissue engineering and offers techniques for restoring damaged tissues of the pulp-dentin complex based on the use of stem cells, growth factors, and an organic matrix.

   Aim. Systematize information presented in scientific articles about research conducted, opportunities and development prospects in the field of regenerative endodontics.

   Materials and methods. A search of literature sources was carried out in the PubMed, dissercat.com, elibrary database.ru, cyberleninka.ru, by keywords, “regenerative endodontics”, “stem cells”, “growth factors”, “pulp-dentin complex” with a choice of article types “Clinical Trial”, “Meta-Analysis”, “Review”, "Systematic Review".

   Results. After analyzing the literature review, an idea was obtained about the current stage of development of regenerative endodontics, preclinical and clinical studies on the restoration of the pulp-dentin complex. Clinical cases based on the triad of regenerative endodontics are presented, as well as an algorithm for performing these therapeutic procedures.

   Conclusions. Regenerative endodontics is a rapidly developing discipline whose clinical advances are primarily related to the treatment of immature tooth roots, which results in continued root development. Subsequent scientific research is aimed at obtaining significant results in the treatment of a fully formed permanent tooth, which will ensure a unique restoration of the immunological, sensory and protective properties of the pulp-dentine complex.

   Aim. Features of microscopic structure of enamel and dentin of intact temporary teeth, which are the cause of their reduced caries resistance.

   Materials and methods. Current information in the electronic databases Google Scholar and PubMed was examined through a systematic literature review. Articles with content related to the prevalence of dental caries in temporary teeth and the relationship between caries and tooth hard tissue structure were selected and included.

   Results. A total of 327 publications were reviewed. After analyzing the literature according to the inclusion criteria, the final number was 52.

   Conclusions. Based on the analyzed data, the structure of the hard tissues of temporary teeth is a predisposing factor for the occurrence and development of dental caries. Decreased thickness of enamel and dentin, increased concentration of organic matrix in them due to incomplete mineralization, microporosity of enamel, abnormal development of dentin layers, increased number of hypomineralized and irregular areas, underdevelopment of pulp, impaired function of odontoblasts, increased adhesion of microorganisms to the enamel surface – all these features contribute to the rapid and progressive development of caries in temporary teeth.

   Endodontic retreatment in most cases is indicated with the development of apical periodontitis in teeth with previously treated root canals. This treatment is complicated by the fact that the root canals can be lined with any material: guttapercha pins, paste, cement, anchor and fiberglass pins, resorcinol-formalin paste, fragments of tools can be located in the channels at any level and root canal transportation can occur. The choice of endodontic treatment or tooth extraction is always before dentists. The availability of modern machine files, ultrasound attachments, filling materials and X–ray examinations in the assortment of doctors makes it much easier for dentists and therapists to conduct endodontic treatment and improves its quality. This article presents a clinical case of repeated endodontic treatment of a 2.6 tooth with apical periodontitis and a clinical picture of chronic sinusitis. The article shows the main stages of treatment, the results of X-ray examinations, microbiological examination of the root canal biofilm before and after mechanical treatment with the Reciproc endosystem and long-term results, which will help practicing dentists during root canal revision.

   Scientific literature put in evidence the importance to use biocompatible materials, free from any substance that can be toxic for the human body, for this reason a Bis-GMA free composite material is used that shows cytotoxicity equal to zero. Nowadays composite materials can be used with direct and indirect technique. In this case report we decided to provide an indirect composite restoration, this is an excellent option in absence of coronal destruction, as we improve the anatomic contour, and we also increase the physical properties as we also post curing the element in a light curing unit for indirect technique that must not exceed the 80°C /176 °F to avoid to damage the inorganic matrix of the composite.

   Aim. To determine the prevalence and intensity of periodontal diseases in patients with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, combined with a violation of the microflora.

   Materials and methods. A comprehensive clinical and laboratory study of 132 patients with gastrointestinal diseases with laboratory-established dysbiosis aged 30 to 45 years was conducted. For the study, an analysis of the outpatient chart, the results of laboratory tests (feces for dysbiosis), examination, palpation of the abdomen of patients with diseases of the
digestive system by a gastroenterologist therapist was performed, and the anamnesis of the disease was evaluated. When assessing dental diseases, the prevalence and intensity of dental caries and periodontal diseases were taken into account. The intensity of caries was determined by the CPI and CPI indices, and the communal periodontal index CPI was used to study the condition of periodontal tissues. A dental examination card recommended by WHO was used for the research.

   Results. In the structure of pathologies of the digestive tract, chronic hyperacid and hypoacid gastritis, dysfunctions of the hepatobiliary system, including chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, gastroesophageal reflux disease, rarely gastroenterocolitis, were most often detected. At the same time, an unfavorable situation was revealed for diseases of the oral cavity, which include a high prevalence of dental caries and periodontal diseases. In addition, every third person examined had temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction associated with tooth loss.

   Conclusions. The revealed high levels of major dental diseases in patients with pathologies of the digestive tract, accompanied with dysbiosis, are often characterized by generalized inflammatory periodontal diseases. This situation dictates the need for research aimed at improving pathogenetic therapy with rational and adequate correction of the microbiota.

   Aim. To conduct a clinical evaluation of the efficacy of using hypoallergenic children's toothpastes “R.O.C.S. PRO Baby" and "R.O.C.S. PRO Junior Creamy Pudding" in patients aged 2 to 11 years with a burdened allergy history.

   Materials and methods. The study included 58 children aged 2 to 11 years with a burdened allergy history. Before the start of the study, they were divided into two groups: the first included 28 children aged 2-3 years, whose parents had been brushing their teeth with « R.O.C.S. PRO Baby» hypoallergenic paste for 3 months. The second group included 30 children
aged 6-11 years who provided oral care using the paste « R.O.C.S. PRO Junior Cream pudding ». During the control dental examinations, the determination of the possible locally irritating and allergenic effects of the studied toothpastes was carried out by visual examination of the oral mucosa of patients of both groups, as well as interviews and questionnaires of study participants and their parents. In patients of the second group, the hygienic condition of the oral cavity was assessed by determining the PHP hygiene index, PMA and SBI indices to assess the condition of periodontal tissues.

   Results. During the study, patients with a burdened allergy history did not have a locally irritating and allergenic effect of hypoallergenic toothpastes "R.O.C.S. PRO Baby" and "R.O.C.S. PRO Junior Cream pudding" on the oral mucosa. When using toothpastes, there was a significant decrease in the PHP, PMA and SBI indices by 58.47 %, 47.4 % and 43.2 %, respectively.

   Conclusions. The obtained data allow us to conclude that hypoallergenic toothpastes « R.O.C.S. PRO Baby » and « R.O.C.S. PRO Junior Creamy Pudding » meets the safety and efficacy criteria for cleaning teeth and can be recommended to patients with a history of allergies aged 2 to 11 years for daily hygienic oral care.

   This article reviews the literature on the problem of the relationship between enzymes and changes in their concentrations in mixed saliva during clinical manifestations of galvanosis, as well as ways to determine their activity.