Aim. This study aimed to determine the residual filling material and the reestablishment of working length and apical patency after retreatment of TotalFill® BC Sealer.
Materials and methods. Thirty maxillary incisors were used in a single cone obturation technique with TotalFill BC Sealer (FKG, Switzerland) and randomly divided into 6 groups according to the retreatment technique. The samples were scanned by micro-CT before and after retreatment in order to evaluate the residual filling material on the root dentin walls. Data were analyzed statistically with the Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05).
Results. No instrumental protocol was able to remove all obturation material from the root canals. The differences in reduction in the total volume of filling material percentage were statistically significant (p < 0.05) among groups with and without ultrasound or sound activation in retreatment protocol.
Conclusions. The most effective root canal retreatment was determined with D-Race + XP-endo Shaper + XP-Endo Finisher R + US (3.0 W) protocol; it was found that the efficiency of filling material removal was more than 92%.

Aim. Medical therapy optimization for the prevention and management of pain after endodontic treatment.
Materials and methods. A clinical study, in which 68 patients with sequelae of dental caries were examined. The following methods were used:clinical method, roentgenological method, pharmacoepidemiological method, expert judgements, mathematical statistics.
Results. A spectrum of analgesics for self-medication of dental pain included 8 medications; 92.6% of which are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pathology of gastritis in the past medical history was identified in 39.7 ± 5.9% of the patients. Pain was recorded in 79.4 ± 5.4% of the patients. After having finished the treatment analgesic was prescribed in 42.6 ± 4.2% of the cases. Analgesics were taken by 73.5 ± 5.4% of the patients with postendodontic pain. The connection between the analgesic's “strength” and the subjective assessment of its efficacy was identified: r = +0.31 p = 0.035.
Conclusions. In most cases pain severity before and after endodontic treatment can be evaluated as moderate. Ketorolac (51,9%) is used as a preferred medication for self-help by the patients with dental pain. Ibuprofen (56,4%) and ketorolac (33,3%) are prescribed by doctors as an analgesic after endodontic treatment in most cases.
However, patients often do not follow doctors' orders and choose other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a selfmedicating for preventing the pain. A prescription pattern of analgesic drugs for the prevention and management of pain after endodontic treatment is introduced: for moderate pain - ibuprofen or paracetamol, for severe pain - ketoprofen for the patients with somatic system disorder or ketorolac for the patients without somatic symptom disorder.

Aim. The comparison of saliva 1Н NMR spectra in patients with wedge-shaped lesions before and after treatment.

Materials and methods. Saliva as a study material was taken from patients with wedge-shaped lesions before and after treatment. The treatment method was remineralizing therapy that included the use of the oral rinse containing zinchydroxyapatite. 1Н NMR spectroscopy was chosen as an investigation method.
Results. In most cases it is noted that after treatment the content of propionic and butyric acids was on the rise in relation of acetic acid. Overall concentration of 1Н protons didn't change significantly.
Conclusions. 1Н NMR spectra analysis shows organic acid distribution in oral liquid before and after treatment, which helps to evaluate its response.

Aim. То carry out a comparative assessment of the change in the pain threshold (in terms of electroodontometry), the X-ray width of the root canal in the apex area and the nature of the pain sensation of the central incisors in children aged 6.5-15 years.
Materials and methods. We examined 280 teeth in 280 children from 6.5 to 15 years old (central incisors). Patients are divided by age into 5 groups: 1 - 6.5-7 years old; 2 - 7-8 years old; 3 - 9-10 years old; 4 - 11-12 years old; 5 - 13-15 years old. The patients underwent electroodontometry (EOM), to measure the sensitivity threshold of the studied tooth, the subjective sensations with EOM were assessed, and the width of the apical part of the root canal was determined, according to the data of intraoral sighting radiography.
Results. The study studied the process of teething and formation of teeth in dynamics from 6.5 to 15 years in 5 age groups. Changes in electrodontometry (EOM) are significant from 140.38 цА (4.5 years) to 24.38 цА (15 years) - average data. The relationship between age and the width of the root canal in the area of the apex, which is also characterized by a gradual narrowing, has been traced. Pulp pain with EOM becomes clearer and more short-lived with age. The correlation between age and pain threshold is less pronounced (41%) than between age and apical canal width (72%). Conclusions. The main role in the sensitivity of the tooth is played by the A-delta and C nerve fibers of the pulp. The phenomenon of a decrease in the pain sensitivity threshold of permanent teeth during electrodontometry in the process of root formation due to the reaction of C-fibers was established.

Aim. To determine the relevance of the application of the chlorhexidine adhesive Protocol in devital teeth.
Materials and methods. A systematic review of the literature in the electronic databases Google Scholar and Pubmed was conducted. Articles related to research on the activity of matrix metalloproteinases in vital and devital teeth, as well as research on the effectiveness of the chlorhexidine Protocol, are considered and included.
Results. 60 articles were reviewed during the review. After making the selection based on the exclusion criteria, the number of included studies was 36.
Conclusions. According to the studied publications, it was found that MMP 2 and MMP 9 are contained not only in vital, but also in devital teeth. The use of a chlorhexidine adhesive Protocol is relevant in both clinical cases but depending on the type of MMP and the state of the pulp, the concentration of chlorhexidine is selected.

The design features of the WaveOne Gold Primary system and some of its previous analogswill be discussed since they allow channel processing using only one file in 80-85% of clinical cases. In the second part of the article, we will discuss when it is still necessary to use more than one WaveOne Gold instrument with examples of specific complex clinical cases with curved canals. In the end, we will pay attention to the peculiarities of processing very large canals, which are also difficult for the doctor.

Aim. To analyze current data on the bactericidal efficacy of endodontic irrigants, in particular, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine in different concentrations relative to the elimination of resistant microorganisms (E. Faecalis, C. Albicans). Irrigation is an important stage in the treatment of root canals, it prevents the further contamination of the canals with microorganisms. However, irrigants do not always cope with this function, which leads to the occurrence of a secondary infection.
Materials and methods. The study of publications was produced in the electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect in the course of a systematic review of the literature. Included articles contain information about various types of irrigants and their antimicrobial effect.
Results. 73 articles were viewed during the review. After analyzing the literature for inclusion criteria, the total number of publications has become 41.
Conclusions. According to literature data, irrigation solutions in widely used by clinicians concentrations (sodium hypochlorite 3%, chlorhexidine 2%) are not able to completely eliminate E. faecalis and C. albicans from the root canal system.

Relevance. Pain localized in the anatomical areas adjacent to the temporomandibular joint is an actual problem for doctors of various specialties.
Aim. To develop a diagnostic algorithm and a comprehensive program for the treatment of patients with cervicobrachialgia combined with pathological dental occlusion.
Materials and methods. The study involved 90 people of both sexes aged 18 to 55 years; they were divided into 3 clinical study groups (25 people each) and 1 control group (15 healthy individuals). The comparison was carried out depending on the chosen treatment tactics: manual therapy was used in group 1, dental treatment was performed in group 2, a combination of manual therapy and dental rehabilitation with correction of occlusal relationships of the jaws was in group 3.
Results. All patients were prescribed pharmacotherapy with NSAIDs to relieve myofascial pain at the level of the muscles of the neck and shoulder girdle. As a result of the study, the most effective algorithm for diagnosis and complex treatment of patients with cervicobrachialgia was identified.
Conclusions. Namely, statistically significant positive results were observed in patients of group 3, where manual therapy, pharmacotherapy and complex dental treatment was conducted. In “difficult” patients it is advisable to carry out 3D X-ray visualization, computer functional methods for studying the maxillofacial area and adjacent areas to identify the cause and interrelationships of the patient's disease.

Aim. To analyze in detail the impact of periodontitis on the risk of maxillary sinusitis.
Materials and methods. During a systematic review of the literature, publications in the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar were studied. Articles that deal with the topic of odontogenic sinusitis, the relationship of periodontal pathology with sinusitis were included.
Results. 99 articles were reviewed during the review. After analyzing the literature for inclusion criteria, the total number of publications has become 43. Conclusions about the correlation of periodontitis and maxillary sinusitis are formulated based on the analyzed data.
Conclusions. According to the literature, it can be assumed that the values of the Schneider membrane thickness directly correlate with the presence of periodontal pathologies. As the pathological marginal loss of bone tissue progresses, this dependence becomes more and more significant. A combination of clinical dental examination and x-ray examination (CT, CBCT) is necessary for the differential diagnosis of odontogenic sinusitis.

Aim. Study of the development of somatic and oncological diseases and the state of the dentoalveolar system as an indicator of somatic health on the example of the city of Kizlyar (a city of ecological trouble) and the city of Khasavyurt (ecological well-being).
Materials and methods. To determine the health status of children and their mothers, a survey was conducted of 1015 children and (or) their parents (three age groups of the study), of which 528 were girls and 487 were boys, and for comparison, 542 children aged 2-17 years in the city of Khasavyurt (ecological well-being) northern zone of Dagestan. Patient selection criteria: 1) identical area of residence (Kizlyar, Khasavyurt); 2) children of preschool age from 2-6 years (1, 2, 3 health groups in the absence of somatic diseases in sub- and decompensated forms), 4 health groups with chronic somatic diseases and congenital malformations; 3) Children at the age of the period of changeable occlusion from 7 to 13 years old, 1-4 health groups; 4) Children aged 14 to 17 years of permanent occlusion, 1-4 health groups.

Results. According to a study of schoolchildren aged 7 to 17 years in the city of Kizlyar, 47.1% of children with habitual mouth breathing or mixed breathing. Infantile type of swallowing in children was found in 23.8% of cases. Violation of posture in children was observed in 29% of cases, while in children from the city of Khasavyurt, this type of violation was observed only in 10.5% of cases. The main localizations of malignant neoplasms in the male population are the respiratory organs, stomach, skin, bladder, lip; in the structure of oncological morbidity in the female population, the largest number of patients with neoplasms of the mammary gland, skin, lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue, cervix, and stomach.
In the population (period of permanent occlusion), there was a significant decrease in tumors from 0.8% to 0.4% out of 1000 examined, the endocrine system from 0.5% to 0.4%, blood diseases from 0.2% to 0.1%.
Conclusions. The results obtained confirm the presence and development of somatic and oncological diseases from unfavorable factors in the region of residence. All indicators for the city of Khasavyurt (ecological well-being) 2 times lower than the data of the city of Kizlyar (city of ecological trouble).

Aim. To study keratinized gingiva using a volume-stable collagen matrix in the first 6 months after soft tissue augmentation.

Materials and methods. The clinical study included 59 patients (27 men and 32 women, aged 27 to 50). The surgical protocol includes the following steps: supracrestal incision with a full-thickness flap elevation. Setting the stable collagen matrix (Fibro-Gide®, Geistlich Pharma, Wolhusen, Switzerland). The flap was closed with 5-0 non-absorbable nylon continuous sutures.

Results. The average operation time was 75.1 ± 13.2 minutes. The width of the keratinized gingiva before the operation was 0.7 ± 0.32 mm and after 180 days its dimensions were 9.3 ± 3.1 mm.

Conclusions. The results of this study showed that 3D collagen matrix is an effective agent for soft tissue augmentation in the implant area.