INTRODUCTION. The dental market is constantly being replenished with new endodontic rotary instruments. Particular interest is drawn to the safety of using rotary files made in China from new nickel-titanium alloys with controlled memory wire (CM-Wire), which have undergone special treatment to enhance their elasticity and breakage resistance.
AIM. Experimental evaluation of the cyclic fatigue resistance of new endodontic rotary instruments TC-Files Gold STEA (manufactured by VIDEYA, China), made from CM-Wire alloy, using models that simulate root canals of varying anatomical complexity depending on the angle of curvature and radius of root curvature.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Original models (patent application No. 2026183756) were used for testing, simulating three types of root canal curvatures: 45°, 90°, and an S-shaped curvature (450 and 600) with root curvature radii of 5 mm and 7 mm, respectively, and 5 mm and 3 mm for the S-shaped curvature. Nickeltitanium TC-files Gold STEA instruments of sizes 20/02, 15/03, 20/04, 25/04, 25/06, 30/04, 30/06, and 35/04 were sequentially fixed in the Geosoft Endoest endomotor. A total of 240 files were tested in the experiment, with 30 instruments of each size tested until breakage. The following parameters were set on the endomotor for all instruments: rotation speed of 250 RPM and torque of 3 N·cm. The files were inserted into a groove of the corresponding size, the endomotor was turned on, and the time until the instrument broke was recorded. The average time to breakage was calculated for each instrument size. Using a caliper, the length of the broken piece of each instrument was measured, and the average breakage length for each instrument size was determined. The number of cycles to breakage was also calculated. Statistical analysis of the obtained results was performed using multifactorial ANOVA in Statistica 13 software.
RESULTS. The highest resistance to cyclic loads in the root canal models with a 45° curvature and a 5 mm radius of curvature was demonstrated by TC-files Gold STEA size 20/04. In the root canal models with a 90° curvature and a 7 mm radius of curvature, as well as with an S-shaped curvature at angles of 45° and 60° and radii of curvature of 5 mm and 3 mm, respectively, the TC-files Gold STEA size 15/03 showed the greatest resistance. The lowest resistance to cyclic loads in the root canal models with a 45° curvature and a 5 mm radius of curvature was observed in TC-files Gold STEA size 35/04. In the models with a 90° curvature and a 7 mm radius of curvature, the least resistance was found in TC-files Gold STEA size 30/06, while in the models with an S-shaped curvature at angles of 45° and 60° and radii of curvature of 5 mm and 3 mm, respectively, the least resistance was shown by TC-files Gold STEA size 30/04. For all instrument sizes, breakage occurred most quickly when rotating in S-shaped canals. For six of the eight sizes (TC-files Gold STEA sizes 20/02, 15/03, 25/04, 25/06, 30/04, and 35/04) produced by Videya, cyclic fatigue accumulated faster when the instruments were rotated in root canal models with a 45° curvature and a 5 mm radius of curvature, compared to the models with a 90° curvature and a 7 mm radius of curvature.
CONCLUSIONS. The resistance of files made from CM-Wire alloys to cyclic fatigue depends on the size, taper, design of the instrument, and the anatomical complexity of the root canal. The risk of instrument breakage is highest in S-shaped root canal curvatures. In S-shaped canals (curvature of 45° with a radius of 5 mm and curvature of 60° with a radius of 3 mm), TC-files Gold STEA instruments with .04 and .06 tapers are not recommended. A root curvature of 45° with a 5 mm radius may be more dangerous for most sizes of CM-Wire alloy instruments than a 90° canal curvature with a 7 mm radius. Therefore, when diagnosing the complexity of root canal anatomy, both the angle of the root canal curvature and the radius of the curvature should be taken into account.

INTRODUCTION. The increasing demand for esthetic dental treatments has led to composite resin restorations becoming the primary material for posterior tooth restorations. However, polymerization shrinkage remains challenging, leading to secondary caries and postoperative discomfort. Liners like resin-modified glass ionomer cement, flowable composites, and Ionosit-Baseliner can mitigate this issue.
AIM. To compare the effectiveness of three base liner materials – Ionosit Baseliner, nano-filled flowable composite, and resin-modified glass ionomer cement – in reducing microleakage in Class I cavities restored with nano-hybrid composite resin.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sixty extracted premolars were prepared with standardized Class I cavities and randomly assigned to three groups (n = 20) based on the applied liner: (1) Ionosit Baseliner, (2) nano-filled flowable composite, and (3) resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Following liner placement, all cavities were restored with a nano-hybrid composite in increments and light-cured. After thermocycling, specimens were coated with nail varnish except for a 1 mm margin around the restoration and immersed in 2.5% methylene blue dye for 24 hours. The teeth were then sectioned and examined under a stereomicroscope at ×40 magnification. Microleakage was scored according to dye penetration depth. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and post-hoc Dunn’s test (p < 0.05).
RESULTS. Ionosit Baseliner demonstrated the lowest median microleakage score [0.00 (IQR: 0.00–0.75)], which was significantly less than both the flowable composite group [2.00 (0.00–3.00), p = 0.0291] and the resin-modified glass ionomer group [2.50 (0.00–4.00), p = 0.0106]. No significant difference was observed between the flowable composite and resin-modified glass ionomer groups (p > 0.9999).
CONCLUSIONS. Although none of the tested liners completely eliminated microleakage, Ionosit Baseliner provided significantly better marginal integrity compared to the other liners tested. This suggests that material selection, particularly a liner with lower polymerization shrinkage and appropriate mechanical properties, can improve the longevity and success of posterior composite restorations.

INTRODUCTION. The mandibular canal (MC) is a critical anatomical structure that houses the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). Its juxtaposition to the apices of the mandibular posterior teeth has significant clinical consequences for dental implant placement and endodontic procedures. Despite its importance, limited data exist on its anatomical variations in the Eastern Indian population.
AIM. This study aimed to evaluate the distances between the MC and root apices of mandibular premolars and molars, considering age and sex differences.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. This retrospective Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)-based observational study included 111 participants aged 18–50 years. Distances from the MC to the root apices of mandibular premolars and molars were measured using CBCT scans. Spearman’s correlation test was employed to assess the relationship between age and the measured distances. Distances between genders were compared using the Mann-Whitney test, and Friedman’s ANOVA analyzed intragroup variations. An alpha level of five percent was considered as a level of statistical significance.
RESULTS. A positive correlation was observed between age and the distance from the MC to root tips. Males exhibited greater distances compared to females. Significant pairwise comparisons showed differences between the second premolar and both roots of the first and second molars. No discernible differences were found between sides (right versus left). Notably, molar root tips, especially second molars were closest to the MC, with distal roots showing the greatest variability.
CONCLUSIONS. The study emphasizes the necessity of precise preoperative evaluations in endodontics and implantology to reduce the incidence of IAN injuries by highlighting age-related increases in the MC to tooth root apices distances, especially in males.

AIM. To identify the relationship between the extrusion of filling material and the periapical status when using CBCT.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. 500 CBCT scans of patients were studied, the condition of 2915 teeth and 6142 root canals were assessed. The cases of endodontic treatment, which are associated with the overfilling (extrusion) of the filling material, are analyzed. Canals with an apical level of the root seal – 0–2 mm from the X-ray apex of the root (3533 root canals) were considered as a control group. In all cases, the periapical status was assessed. Methods of medical statistics have been applied.
RESULTS. Extrusion of the filling material was determined in 10.7% of the total number of endodontically treated root canals. The material was located: 81.7% in bone tissue, 13% in the maxillary sinus, 4.7% under oral mucosa of the alveolar process, 0.6% in the mandibular canal and/or mental foramen. In the control group, the periapical status “unchanged” was noted in 89.5% of cases, pathological changes were detected in 10.5% of cases. The remaining percentage of the total number of root canals was made up of underfilled or missed root canals without taking into account the periapical status. A lower incidence of periapical changes was determined when filling material was extruded into bone tissue (7.4%), than at the optimal level of root canal filling (11.7%). The differences between the groups were found to be statistically significant. Practical recommendations have been formulated to improve the accuracy of diagnosis, proper planning and increase the effectiveness of endodontic treatment.
CONCLUSIONS. Extrusion of filling material into bone tissue is more often associated with effective endodontic treatment than optimal filling of the root canal along the apical border of the root filling. In this regard, the extrusion of the filling material into the bone tissue, in the case of a formed apical stop, can be considered a sign of successful obturation of the root canal.

INTRODUCTION. The majority of endodontic failures are caused primarily by inadequate sealing of the root canal. Seepage of fluids is likely to occur if apical seal is not properly established.
AIM. This in-vitro study was to evaluate the apical seal and tubular penetration of a novel bioactive glass sealer:
NISHIKA CANAL SEALER BG, bioceramic sealer: CERASEAL and epoxy resin–based sealer: AH PLUS.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. 49 extracted human single rooted mandibular 1st premolar teeth with fully formed apices were taken and decoronated at the Cemento Enamel Junction for standardized working length of 14 mm. All samples were instrumented upto size F3 of ProTaper Gold files. After complete irrigation protocols with Sodium Hypochlorite, Saline, Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid and Chlorhexidine, samples were divided into 3 groups according to the sealers used. Obturation was done using single cone technique. All the specimens were put in 1% methylene blue dye for 72 hours after keeping them in incubator for 48 hours. Teeth were split into two halves, one visualised for dye penetration and other for tubular penetration and scoring was done.
RESULTS. Kruskal Wallis test revealed that there were significant differences in microleakage and tubular penetration between all the groups (p = 0.01). Nishika Canal Sealer BG had better apical sealing ability and tubular penetration followed by CeraSeal and AH Plus.
CONCLUSIONS. Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that, Nishika Canal Sealer BG has the maximum apical sealing ability and tubular penetration when compared to CeraSeal and AH Plus

INTRODUCTION. Several fluoride-containing dental restoratives are currently available, including glass ionomers (GIC), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), polyacid-modified composite resins (compomers), composites, and amalgams. The fluoride release capabilities of these materials differ due to their matrices and setting mechanisms, which in turn influence their antibacterial and cariostatic properties. Glass ionomer cements are particularly favored for their chemical bonding and fluoride release. However, their limitations include water sensitivity and reduced wear resistance, leading to the development of resinmodified glass ionomers. These materials aim to improve moisture sensitivity and mechanical strength while still providing fluoride release. Despite extensive research on fluoride release, comparative studies involving other fluoride-releasing materials are limited.
AIM. This study aims to evaluate the fluoride release of two glass ionomer cements, a compomer, and a composite resin, and to assess the impact of topical fluorides on their fluoride-releasing abilities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The present in-vitro comparative study was conducted at the College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka. Four restorative materials were evaluated over 42 days: Conventional GlIC (GC Fuji II), RMGIC (Vitremer, 3M), Compomer (Dyract AP, Dentsply), and Composite (Tetric N Ceram, Vivadent). Specimens were prepared in disc-shaped molds, immersed in deionized water, and fluoride levels measured using a fluoride ion-selective electrode at various intervals. RESULTS. The study revealed distinct fluoride release patterns among the materials. Group I demonstrated the highest fluoride release on Day 1, significantly surpassing Groups II, III, and IV (p < 0.001). While Groups I and II showed a pronounced decrease in fluoride release by Day 2, all groups exhibited a consistent decline over time, with notable intergroup differences.
CONCLUSIONS. The fluoride release characteristics of the evaluated restorative materials varied significantly, emphasizing the importance of material selection based on their fluoride-releasing capabilities to enhance dental health.

INTRODUCTION. Vital pulp therapy is a significant approach in restorative dentistry, enabling the preservation of pulp vitality and the stimulation of hard tissue repair. Modern pulp capping materials, particularly silicate-based cements, facilitate dentin bridge formation and promote tissue remineralization.TheraCal LC and ApaCal ART are two commercially available materials with bioactive properties and the ability to release calcium ions, contributing to pulp healing. However, there is limited literature on the bioactivity of ApaCal ART. This in vitro study aims to comparatively evaluate the calcium ion release from TheraCal LC and ApaCal ART using the EDTA titration method. The null hypothesis assumes no statistically significant differences between the tested materials.
AIM. The study aimed to compare and evaluate the calcium ion release of two commercially available pulp capping agents TheraCal LC and ApaCal ART at different time periods
MATERIALS AND METHODS. This in vitro study was conducted following good laboratory practice guidelines and approved by the institutional review board (Approval No. [DYPDCH/DPU/EC/582/142/2023]). Twenty cylindrical specimens (6 mm × 3 mm) were prepared using silicon molds and divided into two groups: TheraCal LC (n = 10) and ApaCal ART (n = 10). A dental floss was incorporated into each mold before filling with the respective material. TheraCal LC was light-cured for 20 seconds, and ApaCal ART for 40 seconds. The specimens were weighed for standardization and incubated in deionized water at 37°C and 100% humidity for 24 hours. Specimens were immersed in 5 mL of distilled water and assessed at 24 hours, 7 days, and 21 days. The solution was refreshed at each time point, and calcium ion concentration was measured using the EDTA titration method. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS® Statistics 21.0. Intragroup comparisons were performed using repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, and intergroup comparisons with an unpaired t-test (p < 0.05 considered statistically significant).
CONCLUSIONS. The study demonstrated that TheraCal LC and ApaCal ART exhibited a progressive increase in calcium ion release over time, reaching a peak on day 21. TheraCal LC released significantly more calcium ions at all time points and may be preferable for indirect pulp capping due to its enhanced stimulation of hard tissue formation.

INTRODUCTION. The article explores the current achievements and future prospects of artificial intelligence (AI) in endodontics, emphasizing its applications in diagnostics, treatment planning, quality control, outcome prediction, telemedicine, and educational processes. AI is highlighted as a transformative tool that enhances precision, standardization, and personalization in endodontic practice.
AIM. To systematically analyze the current state of AI application in endodontics and outline directions for further research and implementation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study involved a thorough review of scientific literature obtained from major databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science over the past five years. A critical evaluation of these publications assessed the effectiveness of AI in clinical practice and educational programs.
CONCLUSIONS. AI significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy, optimizes treatment planning, improves quality control, and expands opportunities in telemedicine and dental education. However, challenges such as high implementation costs, data security concerns, the absence of standardization, and the need for regulatory frameworks persist, necessitating further research and development of universal solutions.

AIM. To evaluate effect of dentin bio-modifications and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors on dentin bonding.
METHODS. The review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. A thorough search of Google scholar, Pubmed Central, EBSCO host was conducted from January 2000 to December 2023 to identify studies examining the impact of various dentin bio modifications and MMP inhibitors on dentin bonding. Quality assessment was performed using the Cochrane risk of bias (ROB) –2 tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), evaluating each study’s domains through Review Manager (RevMan) software version 5.3. The standardized mean difference (SMD) served as the summary statistic measure, employing a random-effect model with a significance threshold set at p < 0.05.
RESULTS. Sixteen studies met the eligibility criteria and underwent qualitative synthesis, with fifteen studies in meta-analysis. Upon quality assessment, the studies demonstrated a range of moderate to low risk of bias. A variety of dentin modifiers and MMP inhibitors were included, of which 2% chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride being the most studied in twelve and five studies respectively. The pooled estimate through SMD suggested that 2% CHX 2.28 (–3.69–0.03) and BAC 2.50 (–7.80–2.79) had an overall greater dentin bonding compared to other control measures used.
CONCLUSION. It was concluded that biomodifiers and MMP inhibitors have a positive effect on the bond strength of adhesives. It was seen that 2% CHX and BAC had greater dentin bond strength.

AIM. The objective was to assess whether endodontic treatment using ozone therapy improves the antimicrobial efficacy in patients undergoing root canal treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Electronic search on various data sources like pubmed, Scopus, Web of science and Google scholar along with hand searching of the articles in Institutional library was done. Studies comparing the results of ozone used as irrigant and intracanal medicament with conventional root canal irrigants in improving the disinfection and antimicrobial effect were eligible for this review. The study designs published were comparative in-vitro studies, randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, experimental studies, and cohort studies between 1st January 2018 and 31st March 2023 Studies in English language or those possible of getting translated into English language were included. The studies including intervention using ozone therapy as irrigant and intracanal medicament and comparison with conventional root canal irrigant were included. The primary search yielded a total of 144 studies from various search engines mentioned above,74 studies were excluded based on screening titles. After screening the remaining 70 articles for abstract and full text, final 6 studies were selected for the review and remaining 64 duplicated articles were excluded.
RESULTS. The ozone therapy has a significant impact in reducing colony forming units and thus can be used as an adjunct to root canal irrigant and thus has better antibacterial properties over conventional root canal irrigating solutions.

INTRODUCTION. The problem of pathology of hard tissues of teeth and periodontal diseases doesn’t lose its relevance today. This is due to the high ubiquity of this problem and sometimes the patient’s ignorance of all types of full-fledged preventive measures.
AIM. To study the effectiveness of SPLAT Sea&Power toothbrushes with two interchangeable heads and a manual toothbrush SPLAT Professional Complete of medium hardness.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study was carried out on the basis of the Department of Therapeutic Dentistry of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution “PIMU” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. All respondents were divided into 3 groups: 1 group – 16 people using an electric sonic toothbrush SPLAT Sense&Power with head 1 (sensitive) to perform individual oral hygiene, 2 group – 16 people using an electric sonic toothbrush SPLAT Sense&Power with head 2 to perform individual oral hygiene (whitening), group 3 – 16 people using a manual toothbrush SPLAT Professional Complete of medium hardness to perform individual oral hygiene. An examination of the oral cavity was performed at each visit with fixation in the card of the dental patient 043/Y, assessment of the Green-Vermillion index (OHI-S), dental plaque index PLI (Silness, Loe), interdental hygiene index (HYG), bleeding and gum injury, PMA, SBI indices according to Muhlemann and Son, odor oral and dental hyperesthesia, tooth colors by Vita Bleachedguide.
RESULTS The study involved 48 people of both sexes aged 21 to 49 years. At 1 visit, with a single cleansing, there is a higher efficiency of using electric toothbrushes with head 1 and head 2 compared to manual (1.5 times according to the OHI-S index and 2 times according to the PLI index). For the PLI index, only the difference between a brush with a head 2 and a manual brush is significant. Good cleaning of interdental spaces and areas under the gum line was noted. The level of bad breath decreases when using all types of brushes, however, when using electric brushes, this effect is more pronounced, the difference in effects is statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that the use of an electric sonic toothbrush with various heads helps to improve the hygienic condition of the oral cavity, effectively remove plaque and reduce its formation over time.

INTRODUCTION. In the management of patients with agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors, a number of important issues arise related to the amount of free space, the age of the patient, types of occlusions and the condition of adjacent teeth. There are three treatment options for patients diagnosed with agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors. These options include canine mesialization, restoration based on adjacent teeth, and implantation. There are also special criteria that need to be considered when choosing an appropriate treatment option.
When planning all types of treatment, first, attention should be paid to the preservation of teeth. As a rule, the chosen treatment method should be the least invasive and meet the expected aesthetic and functional goals. The orthodontist plays a key role in achieving specific space requirements by placing the teeth in the ideal position for restoration. For example, canine mesialization may be one of the acceptable aesthetic treatments for patients with agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors. However, if it is used in the wrong patient, the result may be far from ideal. Ultimately, an interdisciplinary approach is the most predictable way to achieve optimal end aesthetics.
AIM. To study the literature to compile a review on the diagnosis and evaluation criteria of patients with agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Analysis of foreign literature data, scientific publications, electronic resources.
RESULTS. The treatment plan for patients with the absence of lateral incisors of the upper jaw should be drawn up taking into account the dental, functional and aesthetic aspects identified during the initial clinical examination.
CONCLUSIONS. The absence of lateral incisors in the upper jaw, with any accompanying malocclusion, should be treated as part of the overall treatment plan. Factors such as the individual characteristics of the patient, the size, shape, position, and color of teeth, their effect on the bite, as well as overall facial aesthetics, should all be taken into consideration when deciding whether to create an implant space or close one.

AIM. The relationship between psychosomatic diseases and inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues, depending on the constant action of stressors on the human body, and the increased virulence of periodontopathogenic organisms in patients with psychiatric disorders.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Current information in the electronic databases Google Scholar and PubMed was examined through a systematic literature review. Articles with content related to the influence of psychosomatic diseases and constant stress on the increase in virulence of periodontopathogenic microorganisms were selected and included.
RESULTS. A total of 271 publications were reviewed. After analyzing the literature according to the inclusion criteria, the final number was 58.
CONCLUSIONS. Based on the analyzed data, in patients with psychosomatic diseases and chronic stress, the oral microflora becomes favorable for the active growth of periodontopathogenic microorganisms. In response to the introduction of these bacteria and their virulence factors, chronic inflammation is observed in periodontal tissues, cells secrete IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-10, TNF-α, which decrease the body’s resistance to periodontopathogens. This group of patients has an increased amount of catecholamines in the blood, which increase the virulence of bacteria such as P. Gingivalis, which are the main ones in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues. High concentration of cortisol reduces the activity of immune cells, changing the balance of T-helper and T-suppressors and making the body more susceptible to various infections.

AIM. Removable partial dentures (RPDs) are commonly used to restore function and aesthetics in partially edentulous patients. However, their impact on the periodontal health of abutment teeth remains a concern. This systematic review aimed to assess the periodontal outcomes associated with the use of RPDs, focusing on parameters such as probing depth (PD), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and tooth mobility (TM).
MATERIALS AND METHODS. A systematic search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, to identify studies published from 2000 to 2024. The selection criteria included studies that evaluated periodontal health in patients using RPDs, with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months. Data extraction focused on changes in PD, GI, PI, and TM before and after RPD use. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using standard criteria.
RESULTS. A total of n = 17 studies were included in this review, encompassing 980 patients. The majority of studies reported an increase in PD and PI in abutment teeth post-RPD insertion, with significant deterioration observed in 12 studies. GI was also noted to worsen in 10 studies, indicating increased gingival inflammation. TM increased in several studies, particularly in those with longer follow-up periods. The findings suggest that RPDs contribute to a decline in periodontal health, particularly in abutment teeth.
CONCLUSIONS. The use of RPDs is associated with adverse periodontal changes in abutment teeth, including increased PD, PI, GI, and TM. These findings underscore the importance of regular periodontal maintenance and careful prosthetic design to mitigate the negative impact of RPDs on periodontal health.

INTRODUCTION. Dental health is an integral part of the overall health of children. Dental morbidity in children remains one of the pressing health problems. A feature of dental morbidity in children at the present stage is the high prevalence of dental caries and its complications. Dental caries is a multifactorial disease and is recorded in patients of any age. The prevalence of early childhood caries in children aged 6 months to 6 years is an important social problem for health care worldwide. The study of dental morbidity in children is dictated by the need to obtain information on their prevalence in all age groups.
AIM. To study the prevalence of dental caries in children of early and preschool age (from 1 year to 5 years) based on data from preventive medical examinations of minors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. An epidemiological survey of the child population was conducted as part of preventive medical examinations of minors aged 1 to 5 years, clinical research methods were used, and all results obtained were processed statistically.
RESULTS. Analysis of the prevalence of early childhood caries showed that this indicator increases as children grow older. Using the Pearson χ2 criterion for contingency tables, a statistically significant relationship was found between the prevalence of caries and the age group (χ2 = 34.1, df = 4, p < 0.0001). Absolute indicators of the prevalence of dental caries are higher in girls in all age groups and lower in boys. Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of caries in boys and girls were observed only in the age group of 1 year (χ2 = 31.45, df = 1, p < 0.0001) and 5 years (χ2 = 4.61, df = 1, p < 0.032). In the age groups of 2, 3, 4 years, statistically significant differences in the prevalence of dental caries among boys and girls were not found.
CONCLUSIONS. The prevalence rate of dental caries in children aged 1 to 5 years increases as the child grows older and does not tend to decrease. The absolute prevalence rate of dental caries is higher in girls in all age groups and lower in boys. Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of dental caries in boys and girls were observed in the age groups of 1 year and 5 years, this indicator is higher in girls than in boys. In the age groups of 2, 3, 4 years, statistically significant differences in the prevalence of dental caries among boys and girls were not found.

AIM. Conduct the structuration of clinical and hygienic condition of nearteeth tissues beside patients with anatomist-functional disorders of mucous-gingival complex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The clinical and epidemiological study of dentistry status was organized for achievement of the delivered problems, in which have took part 498 patients with caries and parodontal pathology. From the common amount of examined patient beside 167 (33,5%) of them diagnosed anatomistfunctional disorders of mucous-gingival complex, which were divided into 3 groups. In first clinical group 64 (38,3%) patient were enclosed with average threshold of oral cavity, II type of the correlation division free and attached games, average and get fat biotype of the gums, II type of the correlation division free and attached games, II type of the fastening bridle lips, without clinical symptoms needs thresholds, bridles or lateral bridle of mucous oral cavity in correction. In second group entered 57 (34,1%) patient with small threshold of the oral cavity, which had a correlation division free and attached games on II type, fine and average biotype of the gums, and II type of the fastening bridle lips or mucous shell of oral cavity, as well as their hypertrophy, with positive symptom’s needs enumerated anatomical structures in correction. In third group entered 46 (27,6%) patient with afore-mentioned anatomist-functional disorders, discovered in second group, as well as are discovered recession games III, but coronal comparatively apical to border of vestibule recession.
RESULTS. Amongst examined patient with average threshold of the oral cavity factors of the index hygiene on Fedorov–Volodkin beside 25 (34,3%) patients corresponded to good level, beside 29 (39,7%) patients they corresponded to satisfactory level, beside 13 (17,8%) patients level hygiene was estimated as unsatisfactory, but beside 6 (8,2%) patient as bad.
CONCLUSIONS. Factors of the hygienic condition of oral cavity beside patient with anatomist-functional disorders of mucous-gingival complex in greater degree were indicative of insufficient satisfactory level, that can be the full-fledged moving conditioned by impossibility of the performing the toothbrush when cleaning teeth.

AIM. Study the structured factors of caries intensities in depending of cariesology status’ level besides flying personnel of the civil aviation for the reason’s motivations of the algorithm to rehabilitations of caries pathology.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. In the article presented results of structured caries intensities in depending the level of cariesology status besides flying personnel at the age 20–60 years and senior. In the course of called on studies were examined 568 employees of the flying composition of civil aviation. Structured estimation of caries intensities was organized according to designed and approved methods of the professor A.V. Alimskiy.
RESULTS. Total importance of the complicated forms of caries amongst aircraft workman with compensates and subcompensates forms of cariesology status has formed accordingly 0.88 ± 0.11 and 3.00 ± 0.19, while amongst examined with decompensate form of cariesology status total importance under investigation realistically increased to 5.77 ± 0.49 units in calculation on one examined.
CONCLUSIONS. The highest index of caries intensities revealed besides flying personnel with decompensates form of cariesology status.

AIM. The study’s objective was to assess the levels of oral health literacy (OHL) and dental anxiety (DA) among patients and to examine any potential correlation between OHL and DA.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study is a cross-sectional analysis of 97 dental patients at AIMST Dental Centre in Malaysia. Oral Health Literacy (OHL) was assessed with the Oral Health Literacy Instrument (OHLI), while Dental Anxiety (DA) was evaluated by the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) questionnaire.
RESULTS. A significant proportion (70.1%) of participants exhibited sufficient oral health literacy, although moderate levels of anxiety were observed in 39.8% of individuals as measured by the MDAS. OHL exhibited a strong correlation with age (p = 0.031) and education (p < 0.001), while DA showed no significant association with any sociodemographic parameters. Ultimately, OHL had a substantial correlation with the MDAS (p = 0.004).
CONCLUSIONS. Our study revealed a substantial correlation between oral health literacy (OHL) and dental anxiety (DA) among participants, indicating a necessity for oral health education to enhance OHL and therefore improve oral health outcomes, perhaps mitigating their DA.

INTRODUCTION. The manifestations of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in the oral cavity include both nonspecific lesions and specific lesions directly associated with intestinal inflammation. Oral lesions that remain undiagnosed may subsequently be difficult to manage with therapeutic and preventive measures.
AIM. To evaluate the developed diagnostic algorithm for oral mucosal pathology in patients with CD and UC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The comprehensive clinical and dental examination included an assessment of complaints, medical history, findings from an objective examination, and laboratory investigations.
RESULTS. This retrospective, multicenter study included young adults with CD and UC who were under regular medical supervision in gastroenterology departments and adhered to general treatment protocols. Clinical manifestations of lip vermilion pathology were observed in 51.43% and 42.85% of patients with CD and UC, respectively (p < 0.01), including glossodynia in 31.43% (p < 0.01) and 17.15% (p < 0.05) of cases. The main complaints of patients with diagnosed oral mucosal pathology were unpleasant sensations in the form of soreness and pain when consuming irritant foods in 100% and 65.71% of cases, respectively; discomfort during speech in 31.43% and 25.71% of cases; and dry mouth in 51.43% and 25.71% of cases. Burning sensation in the oral cavity was reported in 31.43% and 17.15% of patients.
CONCLUSIONS. The correlation between clinical manifestations of oral mucosal pathology and laboratory findings necessitates biochemical monitoring of reduced vitamin B6 and B12 levels in the blood. Deficiency of these vitamins was observed in 42.9% and 28.57% of patients with CD and in 34.4% and 20.0% of patients with UC, justifying the diagnosis of desquamative glossitis (KACD = 0.73 and KAUC = 0.64). The diagnosis of fissured tongue was established in 42.9% and 28.57% of CD patients and in 14.3% and 8.6% of UC patients (KACD = 1.0, KAUC = 0.64). In CD patients in remission with vitamin B12 deficiency, the relative risks for the development of aphthous stomatitis, fissured tongue, and burning mouth syndrome with glossodynia were OR = 7.1 (CI: 1.2–41.0), OR = 11.5 (CI: 1.7–77.2), and OR = 29.3 (CI: 4.1–200.0), respectively. In the same group, vitamin B6 deficiency increased the risk of fissured tongue (OR = 12.7, CI: 1.3–121.4) and burning mouth syndrome with glossodynia (OR = 13.5, CI: 2.3–80.8). In UC patients, deficiencies in vitamin B12 and B6 were criteria for the development of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (OR = 19.2, CI: 1.9–196.5 and OR = 9.2, CI: 1.4–59.6, respectively), fissured tongue (OR = 13.5, CI: 1.6–115.9 and OR = 9.8, CI: 1.2–77.7, respectively), and burning mouth syndrome with glossodynia (OR = 8.7, CI: 1.02–63.8 and OR = 17.3, CI: 2.2–138.2, respectively). Low hemoglobin levels in CD patients increased the risk of geographic glossitis (OR = 4.9, CI: 1.01–29.4) and the manifestation of burning mouth syndrome with glossodynia (OR = 6.0, CI: 1.2–29.7). Interdisciplinary collaboration between dentists, gastroenterologists, general practitioners, and neurologists is essential for the early diagnosis of lip vermilion and oral mucosal pathology in patients with CD and UC manifestations.

INTRODUCTION. Orthognathic surgery aims to restore the anatomical shape, spatial position of the mandible, and normalize its functions, thereby improving facial aesthetics and patients’ quality of life. However, the postoperative period is often accompanied by complications such as edema, pain syndrome, decreased sensitivity, and soft tissue induration. Currently, there is a lack of systematic data on early postoperative recovery, highlighting the need for new rehabilitation methods.Kinesiotaping has proven to be an effective nonpharmacological technique that reduces edema and hematomas, regulates the tone of masticatory muscles, improves microcirculation, and accelerates rehabilitation. Its mechanism of action is based on the stimulation of skin and fascial receptors, promoting pain relief and muscle function recovery. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of kinesiotaping in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
AIM. To analyze the effects of kinesiotaping on the rehabilitation process of orthodontic patients after orthognathic surgery.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 20 patients who underwent unilateral kinesiotaping (left side) in the postoperative period. To assess postoperative edema severity, facial symmetry was analyzed using frontal photographs, measuring facial width indices at various anatomical landmarks (Fr-Fl, Zyl-Zyr, Nml-Nmr, Ncl-Ncr, Gol-Gor) on the 1st, 2nd, and 7th postoperative days.Functional diagnostics of the maxillofacial muscles included myotonometry and electromyography (EMG). Myotonometry measured the tone of the masticatory muscles at rest and during maximal voluntary contraction, comparing the results with normative values. EMG analyzed the bioelectrical activity of the temporal, masseter, suprahyoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles. The assessment was conducted using ARV (Averaged Rectified Value) and RMS (Root Mean Square) parameters at rest and during maximum occlusion.
RESULTS. Maximum edema was observed on the 2nd postoperative day, but it was less pronounced in the kinesiotaping group: a 20% reduction in the nasal wings area and a 17% reduction in the lower face. By the 7th day, edema decreased more significantly on the taped side. Myotonometry showed a preoperative difference in masticatory muscle tone of 11.9% between the sides. After kinesiotaping, tone normalization was faster – reducing the difference by 64.1% compared to 7.1%. EMG analysis revealed that on the 7th postoperative day, bioelectrical activity in untaped muscles exceeded normal values (masseter: +83.8%, temporal: +112%). On the taped side, EMG readings were closer to normal, and by the 21st day, they had fully stabilized. Kinesiotaping effectively reduces postoperative edema, normalizes muscle tone and bioelectrical activity, and accelerates rehabilitation.
CONCLUSIONS. In the early postoperative period, kinesiotaping using a fascial technique without pressure alleviates pain, restores muscle function, and facilitates the resumption of orthodontic treatment, ultimately reducing overall rehabilitation time.