INTRODUCTION. Developmental anomalies like dens invaginatus (DI) and palatogingival groove (PGG) increase susceptibility to pulpal and periradicular diseases, complicating root canal treatment. Advanced imaging modalities such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provide enhanced visualization, aiding in accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
AIM. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of DI and associated PGG in maxillary anterior teeth among an Indian population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 586 CBCT scans recorded for clinical purposes, of which 228 met the inclusion criteria. CBCT images were analyzed for DI and associated PGG using Oehler’s and Gu’s classifications. Data were statistically analyzed, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS. DI was observed in 33 teeth (2.41%), predominantly in lateral incisors (6.14%). Oehler’s Type I was the most common variant (78.8%). PGG was present in 8 teeth (24.24%), all of which classified as Gu’s Type I in the teeth where DI was detected. Unilateral involvement of DI (56.5%) was more frequent than bilateral involvement (43.5%). No significant gender differences were noted for DI or PGG prevalence.
CONCLUSIONS. The prevalence of DI and associated PGG highlights the need for advanced diagnostic tools like CBCT to facilitate early detection and management. CBCT’s three-dimensional imaging capabilities are indispensable for diagnosing these anomalies and improving treatment outcomes.

AIM. To evaluate the effect of tug-back on the apical seal of root canal fillings.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Root canal treatment and filling were performed in 20 removed single-root teeth. The teeth were divided into 2 groups, with and without the tug-back effect. The cuts were made at the level of 1 and 3 millimeters from the apical constriction. The microstructure of the samples was studied using a JEOL JSM-6610LV scanning electron microscope.
RESULTS. The amount of siler at the level of 1mm from the apex in the group with the tug-back effect averaged 25.05%, and in the group without the tug-back effect – 30.9%. At the 3 mm level, these figures were 28.98% and 33.19%, respectively. The number of pores in teeth with a tug-back effect at the level of 1 mm was 10.5% of the circumference of the root filling, and in teeth without a tug-back – 19.4%. At the 3 mm level in teeth with tug-back – 4.7%, without tug-back – 12.4%.
CONCLUSIONS. Presence of tug-back effect does not improve tightness of root channel apical part.

INTRODUCTION. Pulp calcifications, first described as denticles by Norman and Johnson in 1921, are classified as pulp stones, calcifications, or obliterations of the tooth cavity. These conditions are often asymptomatic and detectable only by imaging, with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) offering highresolution, three-dimensional visualization. Pulp canal calcifications complicate endodontic treatment by increasing the risk of perforation and making canal negotiation difficult. Although various etiological factors have been proposed – including aging, genetics, trauma, restorations, and systemic conditions – the exact causes remain unclear. Data on the prevalence of pulp calcifications in the Russian Federation, particularly in the Northwest region, are currently lacking.
AIM. This study aimed to retrospectively investigate the occurrence of pulp canal obliteration and calcific deposits within the tooth cavity through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 102 patients (3078 teeth) aged 18 to 65 years. When evaluating the CBCT results, the presence of calcifications and obliteration of the pulp chamber were taken into account. The prevalence of these lesions was analyzed depending on gender, age, tooth type, dental status and periodontal diseases. The median and interquartile range were used to describe the quantitative data. Comparison of quantitative variables was performed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Categorical variables are presented as absolute values and percentages and their comparison was performed using Fisher’s exact test or the Chi-squared test. The nonparametric Spearman rank correlation test was used to assess the correlation. The statistical significance of differences was accepted at p < 0.05.
RESULTS. Calcifications were detected in 63 (61.76%) patients in 276 (8.96%) teeth. Obliteration of the pulp chamber was detected in 86 (84.31%) patients in 445 (14.46%) teeth. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between age and obliteration of the pulp chamber (r = 0.44; p-value < 0.001), as well as the amount of calcifications (r = 0.24; p-value = 0.015). Analysis of cases of obliteration and calcifications depending on gender, the presence or absence of periodontal diseases, and dental status did not reveal statistically significant differences.
CONCLUSIONS. Calcifications and obliteration of pulp chamber were found in more than half of the patients. Their number increases with age, and in women occurs more often than in men. They were most often detected in the first molars. For a dentist, data on the prevalence of calcifications and mineralization of pulp chamber are one of the key aspects for planning high-quality root canal treatment.

AIM. To compare and evaluate the clinical and antimicrobial efficacy of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) and Silver Modified Atraumatic Restorative technique (SMART) in carious primary teeth in children with special needs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sixty-six children aged 3–9 years with carious primary molars were randomly divided into two groups. Group I was assigned SDF treatment, and Silver Modified Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (SMART) in Group II. At the baseline and after six months, plaque samples were collected from the buccal and lingual aspect of tooth surface from both the groups using a disposable foam tipped applicators and was transferred into 1 ml of thyoglycolate broth and was incubated at 37°C in Mitis salivarius bacitracin agar plates and Streptocococcus Colony forming units (CFU) were calculated. The participants were recalled after six-month intervals and were evaluated clinically to check the caries adjacent to the restoration by using visual and tactile evaluation and microbiologically to check the status of reduction of CFU in Streptococcus Mutans. SDF was reapplied in Group I and further follow up, re application of SDF in Group I and assessment is being carried out for both the groups. The behavioural assessment of the patient and the acceptance of SDF by the parents as well as the patients were assessed using Likert scale questionnaire.
RESULTS. Silver Diamine Fluoride was well accepted by the parents since it provided a minimally invasive treatment approach and caries arrest to the special children. In the present study, SMART’s microbiological and clinical success rate was comparatively higher than SDF. After statistical analysis, with the significant p-value being 0.001 in Group II, it was found that the results obtained were statistically significant and was found that SMART as a better treatment modality.
CONCLUSIONS. SMART has gained significant traction due to its effectiveness in arresting the caries. The study promised both clinical and microbiological success rates of SMART when compared with SDF alone.

AIM. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of vitamin D supplementation on the osteogenic differentiation potential of Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSC) in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The experimental study was conducted using oral mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from adult dental pulp extirpated from extracted permanent premolar and third molar teeth of healthy patients and diabetic patients. Pulp tissue was extirpated, sectioned, and cultured in T25 flasks with Minimum essential medium-Alpha (MEM- α), fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotic-antimycotic reagents. Stem cells were isolated, characterized via flow cytometry for specific markers, and subjected to tri-lineage differentiation which was confirmed through staining reagents such as Alizarin Red for osteogenesis, Safranin O for chondrogenesis, and Oil Red O for adipogenesis. Subsequently, influence of Vitamin D3 on the DPSCs viability was assessed employing MTT assays across varying concentrations.
RESULTS. Findings of the present study show that Vitamin D3 plays a significant role in enhancing osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs. Diabetic groups showed poor ability for bone regeneration as compared to the control group, with considerable disparity regarding biomechanical properties as well as decreased levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Subsequently, the study highlighted the significance of optimal vitamin D levels aiding in bone regeneration.
CONCLUSIONS. Vitamin D supplementation has shown to have a positive effect on the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs, especially under diabetic conditions. The outcomes of this study infer the therapeutic potential of vitamin D in bone regeneration.

INTRODUCTION. Chronic forms of apical periodontitis remain a relevant challenge in endodontic practice. The effectiveness of treatment largely depends on the quality of root canal irrigation. Polyhexamethylene guanidine (polyhexanide) is considered a promising alternative to sodium hypochlorite, offering antimicrobial activity with low cytotoxicity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 49 patients with chronic apical periodontitis, divided into two groups. In the first group, a 0.2% polyhexanide solution was used as the primary irrigant, while the second group received a standard protocol with 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% EDTA. Treatment efficacy was evaluated based on clinical symptoms and radiographic changes at 6 and 12 months. The Mann–Whitney U test and Pearson’s chi-squared (χ²) test were used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS. The treatment success rate was 98% in the polyhexanide group and 93.6% in the control group. After 12 months, patients in the experimental group showed a lower incidence of persistent periapical lesions. Although the differences did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05), there was a trend toward a more favorable healing process with polyhexanide use.
CONCLUSIONS. The use of a 0.2% polyhexanide solution as an irrigant demonstrated clinical efficacy comparable to the traditional protocol, with a potential reduction in the risk of adverse effects on hard tissues and surrounding structures. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are needed to definitively assess the advantages of this approach.

INTRODUCTION. In the view of significant changes in the pharmacotherapy of dental diseases, bioceramic sealers, which have recently been used for root canal obturation and differ significantly in composition from the widely used epoxy sealers, are of scientific and practical interest. AIM. To develop a domestic calcium-silicate bioceramic material for endodontic treatment and to evaluate the biocompatibility of periapical tooth tissues in a comparative aspect with various sealers under experimental conditions on laboratory animals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Laboratory studies were conducted on 12 male chinchilla rabbits weighing 3.5±0.1 kg. After the material was removed into the periodontal tissues of the animals on the 7th and 30th days of the experiment, fragments of the jaws with an experimental incisor were obtained, which were studied histologically. The study determined the biocompatibility of modern sealers: epoxy AH Plus (Dentsply Sirona, USA) and bioceramic sealers: TotalFill BC Sealer (FKG, Switzerland) and a new developed bioceramic composition Bioceramin (VladMiVa).
RESULTS. The biocompatibility of sealers had a statistically significant difference between the study groups during the 7-day observation period (p ≤ 0.01). In the epoxy sealer group, reactive changes in the periapical tissues of the teeth were present throughout the observation period. At the same time, in the bioceramic sealer groups, proliferation of loose highly cellular fibrous tissue with rare small mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates was detected during the 7-day observation period, and reactive changes with periosteal osteogenesis in 30 days after the start of the experiment.
CONCLUSIONS. According to the results of the study, the calcium-silicate material of foreign manufacture and the newly developed bioceramic calcium-silicate sealer of domestic manufacture showed high biocompatibility with periodontal tissues of laboratory animals’ teeth (p<0.05). At the same time, toxicity of the epoxy sealer on periodontal tissues was revealed in 7- and 30-day observation periods.

AIM. To evaluate the anatomic variations of both maxillary premolars by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Data were evaluated from 599 exams (313 women and 286 men), scanned by 300 Maxio CT, Instrumentarium®/Kavo Dental Excellence, FOV 5x5 and voxel 0.085 mm. The images were evaluated by two endodontists using Vertucci’s classification.
RESULTS. The prevalence of maxillary premolars with more than one root was higher in men (48.3%) than in women (29.7%) (p < 0.05). A higher percentage of type I and type III canals (53.1% and 20.2%, respectively) was observed in the second premolar (15.0%) with only one root than in the first premolars (14.3%). The percentage of IV, V, VI, and VII type canals was higher in the first premolars. Most teeth with two roots had a root canal of the type IV, both in the first premolar (97.9%) and in the second premolar (93.5%). When all teeth were considered, regardless of the number of roots, the first maxillary premolar showed a higher prevalence of type IV root canals (68.0%) and the second maxillary premolar showed a higher prevalence of type I root canals (46.4%) (p < 0.05). There was a significant association between gender and the number of maxillary premolar roots in a southern Brazilian subpopulation. Most maxillary first premolars had two roots with a type IV configuration and this configuration was common in males, while second premolars tended to be singlerooted and with a type I configuration and were common in women.

INTRODUCTION. Elimination of microorganisms from the root canal system is an important consideration in endodontic treatment and hence use of irrigants with adequate antimicrobial and antifungal properties is an enormously essential factor. However, an optimal root canal irrigant remains unidentified within the current scientific literature. Herbal alternatives are garnering increasing interest due to their potential benefits, including biocompatibility, antimicrobial properties, and reduced adverse effects compared to conventional chemical irrigants.
AIM. To conduct a comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of cranberry extract, sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), and chlorhexidine digluconate (2%) when used as root canal irrigants in vitro against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Based on the irrigating solution used, 24 premolars were divided into 3 groups (8 in each group), Group I – cranberry extract irrigant, Group II – Sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), Group III – Chlorhexidine digluconate (2%). The teeth were sectioned at the cemento-enamel junction, and they were incubated with primary culture of E. faecalis and C. albicans and irrigated using 2ml of the respective irrigants. Pre and post irrigation microbiological sample collection were done using paper points.
RESULTS. Sodium hypochlorite as a root canal irrigant has shown highest antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis and C. albicans, followed by Chlorhexidine digluconate group, and the least was with Cranberry extract group.
CONCLUSIONS. Cranberry extract as a root canal irrigant has shown considerable activity against the root canal pathogens, however, is not as efficacious as sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine digluconate.

INTRODUCTION. Endodontics is a constantly developing area of dentistry. Every year new systems of machine rotating nickel-titanium instruments appear on the dental market which is accompanied by an increase in the incidence of such a complication of endodontic treatment as fragmentation of files in the root canal system. The frequency of this complication, which many dentists encounter, varies from 0.4% to 23%. That is why it is important to know the principles and methods of the safest possible extraction of broken instruments from the root canal system.
AIM. To systematize the analysis of methods of therapeutic and surgical extraction of fragmented instruments as well as summarize the indications for their use.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. A search of literature sources was carried out in the PubMed, dissercat.com, elibrary.ru, database.ru, cyberleninka.ru by keywords “endodontic treatment”, “iatrogenic events”, “fracture of endodontic instruments”, “methods for removing the fragments of instruments” with a choice of article types “Clinical Trial”, “Meta-Analysis”, “Review”, “Systematic Review”.
RESULTS. After analyzing the literature review an idea was obtained about the methods and indications for therapeutic and surgical methods of removing broken files from the root canal system. A protocol for the preparatory and main stages of extracting fragmented instruments using ultrasonic tips is described depending on the degree of visualization of the endodontic instrument.
CONCLUSIONS. The tactics of extracting fragmented endodontic instruments are individual in each individual clinical case and depend on a number of factors: the level of file fragmentation, the degree of its visualization, the anatomy of the root canal, and the manual skills of the dentist.

INTRODUCTION. Balance between the floor of the maxillary sinus (MS) and the maxillary molars roots is of clinical significance. In cases where the root ends are located inside the sinuses, or very close to the bottom of the maxillary sinus, tooth extraction, apical surgery and some conservative endodontic manipulations can lead to a number of complications: perforation of the maxillary sinus floor, formation of an oroantral fistula, extrusion of a tooth root fragment into the maxillary sinus.
AIM. To conduct a systematic review of original research studies on the anatomical variations of maxillary molar roots and their spatial relationship to the maxillary sinus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. A systematic review of scientific articles and original studies included in international and domestic databases was conducted using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses) checklist.
RESULTS. 46 articles containing data from randomized controlled clinical trials, longitudinal, and cohort studies were selected for screening. 28 references were submitted, of which 5 were excluded due to high risk of bias. As a result, 23 studies were included in the systematic review.
RESULTS. There are three main categories of interactions between the maxillary molars and the maxillary sinus floor: type 1 – the root apices do not reach the maxillary sinus; type 2 – the maxillary sinus floor contacts the root apex; type 3 – the root apex enters the maxillary sinus cavity. The most common type of relationship between the upper molar roots and the maxillary sinus is type 1. The smallest distance was determined from the buccal root apices of the second molars to the maxillary sinus floor (0.8±2.5 mm). The volume of the maxillary sinus depended on age and increased until the age of 20, and then gradually decreased.
CONCLUSIONS. The data contained in the analyzed studies can be of significant help to dentists in planning surgical and endodontic interventions on the molars of the upper jaw, which will prevent serious complications associated with the anatomical features of correlation of root apices of the lateral teeth group and the maxillary sinus.

INTRODUCTION. Diagnosis of pulp diseases remains a pressing issue in dentistry, which is determined by their high prevalence and, in some cases, latent course.
AIM. To study new technologies developed for hardware testing of pulp vitality based on modern literature data.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. A systematic search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, Google Patents. The search depth was 6 years – from 2019 to 2024.
RESULTS. The search in the electronic library databases initially yielded 793 results. After screening titles and abstracts and removing duplicates, 368 articles were identified, assessed by reading their full text, and analysis of whether the publication criteria were met; 65 articles were included in the systematic review. Based on the results preliminary screening and application of the eligibility criteria, 15 publications were included in the qualitative analysis and 7 publications in the quantitative analysis, 43 publications were used to write the introduction text and in the discussion of the study results. Based on the patent search, 4 patents were included in the analysis. Most of the well-conducted and documented studies were devoted to the pulse oximetry method.
CONCLUSIONS. An analysis of modern literature sources showed that the most common methods for assessing pulp vitality are laser Doppler flowmetry and pulse oximetry. Pulse oximetry is the most accurate diagnostic tool. Alternative diagnostic methods are increasingly being explored for their potential to assess pulp vitality. The most frequently mentioned methods in scientific publications for 2019–2024 are: ultrasound Doppler flowmetry, transillumination, magnetic resonance imaging, speckle imaging, tooth temperature measurements, electroodontometry and plethysmography. However, to date, none of the alternative methods for diagnosing pulp vitality have been integrated into clinical practice, indicating an ongoing challenge in creating a reliable approach to assessing pulp vitality.

INTRODUCTION. The management of patients with oral mucosal diseases (OMD) remains a considerable challenge for dental practitioners due to the complexity of diagnosis in everyday clinical practice. According to epidemiological studies, the prevalence of OMD varies widely across countries and populations, ranging from 4.9% to 64.7%, and is influenced by factors such as age and general health status. These pathological conditions significantly reduce patients’ quality of life. Given the complexity of systemic therapy regimens, dentists often encounter difficulties in diagnosing and comprehensively assessing the patient’s overall somatic condition without adequate support from medical specialists. Moreover, oral mucosal lesions may be associated with mucosal and skin lesions of other organs. Therefore, the treatment of OMD requires a multidisciplinary approach. However, general practitioners frequently lack clear guidelines on what exactly to look for and which diagnostic methods to employ.
AIM. To investigate the impact of interdisciplinary collaboration between dentists and medical specialists on the effectiveness of diagnosing and managing oral mucosal diseases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. To evaluate the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of patients with OMD, a survey was conducted among 60 physicians (30 general practitioners and 30 dentists). The questionnaire included items related to the reasons for patient referrals, perceived benefits of consultations, and the necessity of laboratory diagnostics. The data were analyzed to identify discrepancies in perspectives between the two professional groups.
CONCLUSIONS. The primary role of the general practitioner in the management of patients with OMD referred by dentists is to assess potential somatic manifestations of autoimmune diseases (e.g., lichen planus), as well as to evaluate the influence of ongoing pharmacotherapy on the progression of mucosal pathology. A critical component also involves determining the indications and regimens for systemic treatment, taking into account comorbid conditions and minimizing the risk of adverse effects.

INTRODUCTION. Modern patients frequently strive for the brightest possible tooth shade, which often requires a full-mouth rehabilitation of both arches. However, in this clinical case, the 21-year-old patient’s teeth already exhibited a natural “bleach” shade, further complicated by fluorosis on the upper teeth. At the patient’s request, the objective was to adapt the upper anterior teeth to the already bright color of the remaining dentition.
AIM. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the process of fabricating Bleach-shade ceramic restorations on six teeth (13–23) with minimal tooth preparation (0.5–0.7 mm).
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Outlines the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the diagnostic steps, the selection of lithium disilicate ceramics, and the adhesive protocol (37% phosphoric acid etching of the enamel, HF etching of the internal surface, silanization, and resin cement).
RESULTS. Observational results showed excellent esthetics and stable retention, without any inflammatory or painful symptoms. The uniqueness of this approach lies in the fact that Bleach restorations are typically performed only when both arches are comprehensively restored, yet here harmony was achieved without altering the lower teeth.
CONCLUSION. The conclusions emphasize the potential of Bleach ceramics for patients seeking an “ultrawhite” smile, on the condition that the preparation and bonding technique are strictly followed.

INTRODUCTION. The prevalence of apical periodontitis among the adult population exceeds 60%. This disease also occurs in adolescents in permanent teeth, and it is often detected in a state where the growth zone has died, and it is not possible to treat with calcium hydroxide to achieve apexogenesis. Therefore, there is a need to find and apply the most optimal dental materials for the treatment of dental periodontitis in adolescents.
AIM. Presentation of our own clinical case of endodontic treatment of a tooth with a wide apical opening.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article presents the result of treatment of a 15-year-old girl with an established diagnosis according to ICD-10: tooth 2.6 – K04.5 Chronic apical periodontitis (chronic granulomatous periodontitis). The tactics of dental care were aimed at stimulating apexification with calcium hydroxide-based filling material Metapaste (Meta Biomed, South Korea). The functional parameters of the tooth have been restored. The stability of the obtained result was assessed 3 months after the treatment using CBCT of the causal tooth.
CONCLUSIONS. The presented clinical case demonstrates the successful endodontic treatment of a tooth in a teenager, in which treatment tactics aimed at stimulating apexification were applied. Observation of the patient for 1.5 years confirmed the success of the therapy, which manifested itself in the formation of the dentinal bridge and the positive dynamics of the tooth condition. The use of the calcium hydroxide-based drug Metapaste (Meta Biomed, South Korea) played a key role in achieving a stable clinical result. This case highlights the importance of timely and adequate dental intervention to achieve optimal treatment outcomes. A pediatric dentist should have the skills to use modern methods of treating periodontitis of permanent teeth with a wide apical opening to choose the best approach to therapy.

INTRODUCTION. The fibrous form of hyperplastic gingivitis is a complex condition characterized by chronic inflammation of the gingiva accompanied by fibrotic tissue transformation. Conservative treatment approaches are often insufficient, and surgical intervention is required to restore both esthetics and function.
AIM. To evaluate the effectiveness of a stepwise treatment approach for the fibrous form of hyperplastic gingivitis in a patient with a long-standing disease history and inadequate personal oral hygiene.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. A clinical case study was conducted involving a 30-year-old patient diagnosed with a moderate form of fibrous hyperplastic gingivitis. Treatment was carried out in sequential phases, including etiological therapy aimed at reducing inflammation through professional oral hygiene procedures, patient education, and motivation. The surgical phase involved gingivectomy and reshaping of the gingival contour on both jaws. The supportive phase included regular follow-up visits, repeated professional hygiene sessions, and instruction in the use of an oral irrigator, interdental brushes, and dental floss.
RESULTS. Following the conservative phase, a reduction in inflammatory symptoms was observed, although significant gingival hypertrophy persisted. Surgical intervention led to a stable esthetic outcome in the maxilla and partial stabilization in the mandible. At the 11-month follow-up, a recurrence of inflammation was noted in the mandibular anterior region, particularly in areas challenging to clean, underscoring the need for consistent oral hygiene habits.
CONCLUSIONS. Surgical correction of fibrotically altered gingiva is essential to achieving stable clinical results, as conservative treatment alone is typically ineffective in such cases. The success of therapy is directly dependent on the patient’s adherence to oral hygiene instructions and commitment to routine professional maintenance. Periodontal patients, even in remission, require systematic monitoring at intervals of no more than three months to maintain treatment outcomes and prevent recurrence.

INTRODUCTION. Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by mucocutaneous fragility, leading to blistering and ulceration following minimal trauma. Among its major subtypes, EB simplex (EBS) is the most common, typically presenting with milder clinical manifestations.
AIM. This case series aims to document the clinical and radiographic findings of five siblings diagnosed with EBS, emphasizing the role of dental professionals in diagnosis, management, and improving patient quality of life.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Five siblings with no prior EB diagnosis underwent clinical, radiographic, and genetic assessments. Intraoral and extraoral examinations were conducted to evaluate mucosal involvement, dental anomalies, and associated systemic manifestations. Genetic analysis confirmed EBS Type 2 (KRT5 mutation) in all cases.
RESULTS. None of the cases exhibited significant oral mucosal bullae or erosions. However, hyperkeratotic lesions, nail dystrophy, and perioral bullous formations were observed in all patients. Two siblings presented with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Panoramic radiographs revealed missing teeth, likely due to cariesrelated extractions, highlighting challenges in oral hygiene maintenance. Dental management focused on atraumatic treatment approaches, preventive care, and dietary counseling.
CONCLUSIONS. Dentists play a crucial role in the early detection and multidisciplinary management of EB. Comprehensive oral assessments can aid in subtype identification and guide tailored treatment strategies. Patient education, preventive measures, and regular follow-ups are essential to improving long-term oral health outcomes and overall quality of life for individuals with EB.

INTRODUCTION. A clinical examination and treatment were conducted on 104 patients with cardiac arrhythmias who were receiving anticoagulant therapy. The patients were aged between 45 and 59 years (classified as middle age according to the WHO classification) and were diagnosed with moderate chronic generalized periodontitis (53% male, 47% female).
AIM. To evaluate the effectiveness of standard therapeutic measures in the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy and to identify the specific characteristics of the disease course in this patient group.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 104 patients with cardiac arrhythmias who were receiving anticoagulant therapy and were diagnosed with moderate chronic generalized periodontitis. Standard treatment for periodontitis was administered with consideration of anticoagulant use. Clinical parameters, including gingival bleeding, periodontal status, and the effectiveness of therapeutic measures, were assessed.
CONCLUSIONS. Standard therapeutic measures for the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis were equally effective in patients receiving and not receiving anticoagulant therapy. However, a distinguishing feature of periodontitis treatment in patients receiving anticoagulants was the persistence of high levels of gingival bleeding after the resolution of the inflammatory process in the periodontium, which was attributed to anticoagulant use. This situation often misleads clinicians, who may interpret gingival bleeding as a sign of inflammation, resulting in overdiagnosis and inflated values of corresponding indices. Standard therapeutic methods were found to be effective and sufficient for preventing the progression of pathological processes in the periodontium in this patient group.

INTRODUCTION. Many children have anxiety and fear at the very thought of visiting a dentist. Children do not make contact with a doctor, refuse to perform dental manipulations, express their emotions vividly, or withdraw into themselves. In addition, in a state of anxiety, the work of many organ systems changes and an increase in heart rate is the most common indicator. As a result, such patients refuse to visit-the dentist, which worsens the state of oral health. Alternatively, dental procedures for unadapted patients are performed under anesthesia or sedation. But doctors do not have a proven algorithm for diagnosing a child’s anxiety level and how to correct this condition for safe and effective dental treatment.
AIM. Clinical-and functional justification of the choice of a method for correcting anxiety in children aged 4–12 years in an outpatient dental appointment
MATERIALS AND METHODS. From 2019–2024 years, a study was conducted, in which 986 children aged 4–12 years participated. Before the start of the examination, general somatic and psychological anamnesis of patients was collected. The level of anxiety of children from 4 to 6 years of age was determined using the “test of child anxiety” by R. Temml, M. Dorka, V. Amen; from 7 to 12 years of age-the “Scale of explicit anxiety CMAS” in the adaptation of A.M. Parishioners. Hemodynamic parameters (HR and SpO2) were measured Choice MMedusing a Choice MMed 300C5 pediatric pulse oximeter. All patients underwent a dental examination of the oral cavity and the degree of caries activity was determined by T.F. Vinogradova. Based on the results of the examination methods, a decision was made on the further strategy of working with the patient (treatment with the support-of an anesthesiologist or the use of art-therapy as a method of psycho-emotional correction).
RESULTS. According to the results of psychological testing, all patients were divided into three groups: lowlevel (19.2%), medium-level (52.4%) and high-level anxiety (28.4%). Almost all children with low levels of anxiety had their heart rate within the age norm (86.9%). This group also showed the highest percentage of patients with compensated caries activity (51.9%). Children with a high level of anxiety showed moderate and severe tachycardia (38.8% and 61.2%, respectively), and 62.2% of the subjects in this group showed a decompensated degree of caries activity. Patients with low levels of anxiety required less psychological correction, than children with medium and high levels. Based on the results of our study, a computerized program “Determining the method of correcting anxiety in children before dental treatment” was developed, which will help dentists determine the tactics of working with children’s patients before dental manipulations.
CONCLUSIONS. Thus, to improve the quality and safety of dental care for children, on the basis of a comprehensive psychological and functional examination, a digital program “Determining the method of correcting anxiety in children before dental treatment” was developed.

INTRODUCTION. Soft tissue plastic surgery is usually accompanied by the harvesting of a gingival graft from the hard palate. The exposed donor wound surface may cause pain and the possibility of wound infection cannot be ruled out. Medical adhesives have recently been increasingly used as wound coverings on the donor area.
AIM. Comparison of antibacterial activity of medical adhesives from different manufacturers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The tests used medical adhesives Sulfacrylate (NTO MedIn), Histoacryl (B. Braun), Hemocompact (MTPO Inter-Vita). Chlorhexidine (0.05% solution) was used as a control antiseptic. The antimicrobial activity of various adhesives was tested on Staphylococcus aureus and isolates of Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus and Candida albicans.
RESULTS. All the presented preparations have antibacterial activity, but it is most pronounced in the domestic manufacturer’s glue based on ethyl cyanoacrylic acid.
CONCLUSIONS. The antibacterial activity declared by the manufacturer of medical adhesives against opportunistic strains of microorganisms that are permanent inhabitants of the oral cavity was experimentally confirmed.

INTRODUCTION. An emerging and promising direction in dentistry is the use of photodynamically activated disinfection as part of comprehensive therapeutic and preventive protocols. This method contributes to the improvement of clinical periodontal status, enhances immune function, and positively influences the outcomes of periodontal treatment. However, the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of this therapy remain insufficiently understood and require further investigation.
AIM. To evaluate the effectiveness of laser-assisted photodynamic disinfection on the clinical condition of periodontal tissues and the cytokine profile of oral fluid in patients with moderate chronic generalized periodontitis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 62 patients aged 35 to 45 years with moderate chronic generalized periodontitis were examined. They were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group (receiving standard periodontal treatment) and a main group (receiving photodynamically activated disinfection in combination with standard treatment). Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed, along with the measurement of cytokine levels in oral fluid (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) before treatment, and at 14 days, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment initiation.
RESULTS. Photodynamically activated disinfection led to a significant improvement in the clinical condition of periodontal tissues and normalization of periodontal and hygiene indices. In addition, patients in the main group demonstrated a restoration of cytokine balance in periodontal tissues, with a marked reduction in proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α (p < 0.01), and IFN-γ (p < 0.001), as well as an increase in antiinflammatory cytokines IL-4 (p < 0.05) and IL-10 (p < 0.05), compared to baseline levels.
CONCLUSIONS. In patients with moderate chronic generalized periodontitis, therapeutic and preventive measures contribute to improved clinical periodontal conditions, as reflected in the periodontal and hygiene indices. However, patients in the main group receiving photodynamically activated disinfection exhibited significantly greater improvements in periodontal indices and normalization of the cytokine profile (p < 0.001).