INTRODUCTION. In clinical dentistry, fixed prosthetic restorations, especially those composed completely of zirconia – are frequently utilized to restore natural teeth. The design of the tooth preparation, particularly the finish line type, and the restoration’s resistance to occlusal forces during mastication are critical factors in its effectiveness.
AIM. This in vitro study aimed to assess the impact of two gingival finishing lines (45° chamfer and 90° shoulder) on the compressive strength resistance of complete contour zirconia CAD/CAM all-ceramic crowns.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. All sixteen lower primary molars were prepped to receive full contour CAD/CAM ceramic crowns utilizing a sophisticated paralleling equipment. Based on the kind of finishing line that was planned, the teeth were split into two groups. group A prepared with 90° shoulder finish line and group B prepared with 45° chamfer finish line. Materials are tested for compressive strength using a universal testing machine.
RESULTS. The data analysis manifested that, shoulder and chamfer margins of zirconia crowns showed that the mean compressive strength resistance of chamfer margin is 5287.50N and the shoulder margin is 3200.00N. The statistically significant difference between the groups and compressive strength of chamfer margin was more than shoulder margin.
CONCLUSIONS. The study’s findings suggested a connection between the finishing line’s design and the entire CAD/CAM zirconia crowns’ compressive strength.
INTRODUCTION. Recently, the direction of dentition defects restoration on artificial supports with immediate dentoalveolar reconstruction of the alveolar process which is widely used for the bone crest and soft tissues loss develops rapidly. The main factors in the formation of destructive changes in the alveolar process are chronic foci of infection in the periapical region, localized and generalized pathologies of periodontal tissues, fractures of the bones of the facial skeleton and teeth, as well as non-carious lesions of the roots of the teeth (internal and external resorption). In this regard, when performing dental implantation, it is necessary to pay attention to the implementation of additional interventions restoring the anatomical shape of the alveolar process using various tools, materials and methods. Taking into account the above, a manual unstressed mucotome-osteotome device was developed for taking a three-layer autograft from the tubercle of the upper jaw, and the results of its practical use are presented in this research.
AIM. Purpose of the research is to improve the efficiency of surgical and orthopedic stages of dental defect repair in dental implantation with dentoalveolar reconstruction by developing a special device.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The paper presents the results of our practical application of the manual unstressed mucotome-osteotome for taking a triplraft from the retromolar region of the upper jaw (tubercle) (patent application No. 2025131706 dated 14.11.2025). At the same time, a dynamic analysis of the effectiveness of our developed device for three years was carried out in 112 clinical cases in the age group from 21 to 69 years old. Statistical evaluation of the obtained results was carried out in the MS Office Excel program using standard methods.
RESULTS. The combination of the main features of the developed device and its use contribute to improving the quality of graft preparation by extracting a single three-layer graft consisting of mucosal connective tissue with periosteum, cortical and spongy bone tissue from the tubercle of the upper jaw, which determine the clinical effectiveness of its use in osteoplastic operations and simultaneous dental implantation.
CONCLUSIONS. The obtained clinical results of practical application of the developed manual unstressed mucotome-osteotome for sampling a three-layer autograft from the maxillary tubercle characterise its effectiveness, safety and ease of use of the given medical device.
AIM. Conduct the associative estimation of the increase of caries intensities in depending of the level of mineralizing potential of the mixed saliva and nosology forms of the congenital unjoining of maxillary complex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Importance of mineralizing activities of oral liquid was studied with determination its intercoupling with expression of the increase tooth decay beside 98 children with congenita pathology of the upper lip and palate. In this connection were chosen 4 clinical groups in depending of mineralizing level activities of the mixed saliva and caries-resistance. 1st group has formed 19 children with high level of mineralizing potential of the mixed saliva and absence of tooth caries. In the second group entered 26 children with average level of mineralizing potential of the mixed saliva and carious of molars and premolars of the jaws. 28 children with low level of mineralizing potential of the saliva and carious defeat not only chewing teeth, but also maxillary incisor has formed the third group. In 4th group entered 25 children with very low level of mineralizing potential of the mixed saliva and carious defeat all function-oriented teeth segment.
RESULTS. Factors of the increase of intensities of the teeth caries amongst 6–7 years children with named by vice and with high level of mineralizing activities of oral liquid after 12 months from moment of the primary checkup have formed at the average 0.26 ± 0.02, amongst children of 8–9 years these factors in given period has formed at the average 0.40 ± 0.03, amongst 10–11 year’s children they have formed 0.34 ± 0.06, amongst children of 12–13 years they have formed 0.41 ± 0.07, but amongst children of 14–15 years they have formed 0.47 ± 0.04. As a whole for three-year period of the observation from 2022 to 2024 years factors of the increase of caries intensities beside children in given age groups corresponded to importance’s 0.59 ± 0.05, 0.73 ± 0.05, 067 ± 0.09, 0.74 ± 0.09 and 0.80 ± 0.05 accordingly.
CONCLUSIONS. Reliable dynamics of caries intensities temporary and permanent teeth beside children with congenital pathology of maxillary complex, probably, is connected with absence of the complex program of the preventive maintenance of main dentistry diseases. Maximum dynamics of caries intensities amongst examined persons is connected with disorders homeostatic balances of oral cavity because of anatomist-functional disorders beside children with congenital pathology maxilla-facial area.
AIM. Development strategic base of programs primary and secondary personality preventive maintenances of the inflammatory of parodontal diseases beside patients with congenital pathology of maxillary complex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. When using anamnestic, clinical, x-ray and laboratory methods of the study were examined 35 patients of the group of the traditional prophylactic of the inflammatory parodontal diseases with congenital pathology of the upper lip and palate and 40 persons of the group of personality prophylactic of the inflammatory parodontal diseases with similar pathology at the age from 6 to 30 years. In the 1st group when planning and undertaking action within the framework of primary and secondary prophylactic of the inflammatory parodontal diseases were used general acceptance traditional methods, realized parodontologist in respect of given contingent patients. To participant of the 2nd group was used individual approach, which was actively developed and was used by us for 10 years amongst stationary patients with congenital disorders of maxillary complex. Clinical and laboratory diagnostics included bacterial and cytological study of the contents of teeth-gingival groove and parodontal pocket.
RESULTS. Personality medical-preventive actions of parodontal nature beside patients with congenital disorders of adapted-compensatory of the reserve of maxillary complex under dynamic observation on length three years have allowed obtaining the significant reduction prevalence and intensities of parodontal pathology. Active realization of personality medical-preventive action of dentistry nature within the framework of regular checkup promoted maintenance good level hygienic condition of oral cavity, making the happy circumstances not only for liquidation all parodontal manifestations of the pathological process, but also for achievement by rack to stabilizations got result, improvement of the condition hard tissue of teeth and mucous of oral cavity.
CONCLUSIONS. Active realization three stages of dispensaryzation promoted significant increasing efficiency of the revealing the persons with congenital pathology of maxillary complex, planning the individual programs of the prophylactic, full-fledged systematic observation and checking on their realization.
AIM of the study is to improve the effectiveness of dental caries prevention by creating new organizational and methodological principles for patients who have had a coronavirus infection.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. A single-center, retrospective, non-randomized study was conducted to identify the impact of inflammatory periodontal diseases on the effectiveness of the applied complex of products on the level of oral hygiene and caries reduction in patients who had previously had a coronavirus infection. The study involved 150 patients aged 28 to 56 years, who were divided into 3 groups (50 people in each): the control group (group 1) included patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases who did not have COVID-19, with traditional treatment for inflammatory periodontal diseases under regular monitoring by a periodontist. The comparison group (group 2) included patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases who had recovered from COVID-19 with traditional treatment for inflammatory periodontal diseases under regular supervision of a periodontist. The main group (group 3) included patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases who had recovered from COVID-19 with traditional treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases with regular monitoring by a periodontist and the appointment of additional local (“Fagodent” bacteriophage gel, ROCS PRO Moisturizing toothpaste) and general treatments (“Immunofan”, “Dentobalance”). Research methods: OHI-S, PMA index, SBI index, tooth sensitivity index, deodorizing action index of S.B. Ulitovsky, functional indicators of saliva.
RESULTS. The increase in caries was minimal in the study group. Over 18 months, 1.4 new cases of caries were recorded, compared to the initial indicator of 0 cases. In the control group, an increase of 0 to 3.1 new cases of dental caries was recorded, while in the comparison group, it increased to 4.3 new cases. The effectiveness of the preventive programs was assessed by the reduction in the number of new cases of dental caries in the study groups. The best result was achieved in the study group, where additional interventions to restore normal oral flora and moisturizing components of the hygiene product reduced the incidence of new cases by 67%. In the comparison group, which used standard prophylaxis, the reduction was 28%, with a 39% difference between the groups.
CONCLUSIONS. An individualized prevention program for patients who recovered from COVID-19 reduced the incidence of primary dental caries by 2.21 times compared to a general prevention program not based on restoring normal oral flora.
INTRODUCTION. The mandibular first premolar presents a diagnostic challenge in endodontics, often referred to as the “endodontist’s enigma”, due to its unpredictable and complex internal morphology. While the typical configuration involves a single root and one canal, significant anatomical aberrations can lead to treatment failure if missed. This report details the non-surgical management of a rare anatomical variant: a mandibular first premolar with two distinct roots and three separate canals.
CASE PRESENTATION. A 25-year-old female patient presented with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis associated with tooth #44. Preoperative radiography indicated an unusual two-rooted anatomy with a low bifurcation. Using a dental operating microscope for access refinement, a careful clinical inspection confirmed the presence of three canals: one lingual and two buccal. Biomechanical preparation was achieved using heat-treated rotary files. The three canals were disinfected using 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA with ultrasonic activation. Obturation was performed using the single-cone technique combined with a bioceramic sealer for a complete and hermetic seal.
CONCLUSIONS. This successful case underscores that treating extreme anatomical complexity, such as a two-rooted mandibular first premolar with three canals, relies heavily on heigh clinical suspicion and advanced endodontic technology. The meticulous use of the operating microscope, ultrasonic tips, and flexible NiTi files is essential to locate, prepare, and seal all parts of the root canal system, thereby ensuring a predictable clinical outcome.
AIM. White spot lesions represent a negative and common adverse effect of fixed orthodontics. The research tried to establish the effectiveness of isolated use of 38% silver diamine fluoride in prevention of active white spot lesions during debonding of orthodontic appliances. The study was a randomized, split-mouth controlled, placebo-controlled, and a double-blind study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Split-mouthed randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was applied. Thirty teenagers (mean age 15.2 ± 1.8 years), whose bilateral active lesions on the anterior teeth occurred after debonding and had a minimum of two active white spots lesions on the anterior teeth were enrolled. Randomly, the lesions were divided in regards to treatment, whereby one time use was done with 38% silver diamine fluoride (experimental), or placebo solution (control).
RESULTS. The general finding was the stabilization of the lesions with a hard and smooth feel with a sense of touch upon examination after the assessment period, one- and three-months follow-ups. The alteration in the laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent) scores and aesthetical satisfaction with patients were secondary outcomes. Silver diamine fluoride group had considerably variable arrestment rates than the placebo group at the three months follow-ups (93.3 and 16.7 respectively, p < 0.001). The mean scores (DIAGNOdent) in the silver diamine fluoride group were very low (32.1–18.4) than in the placebo group (30.8–36.9) (p = 0.001). It was determined that the patient satisfaction in reference to the black stain after the usage of SDF was insignificant; its mean value was 2.8 out of 10.
CONCLUSIONS. 38% silver diamine fluoride used as a single application on an individual patient is fairly effective in the prevention of white spots lesions associated with orthodontics, although its acceptance is low due to its staining effect. Silver diamine fluoride is an aesthetically problematic good solution that can be applied to treat the post-orthodontic white space lesions especially in patients with a high risk of caries.
AIM. The study compares the clinical efficacy of the 38% silver diamine fluoride method of administration with conventional resin-based composite restoration in arresting caries in primary molars of children with oral anxiety and recalcitrant behavior.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. This randomized controlled trial recruited 68 children aged 4 to 8 years, and at least one of the children had an active lesion of caries in the form of either an occlusal lesion or a proximal lesion on a primary molar. The participants were split into two groups for randomization, which would be given either the silver diamine fluoride application (after every six months) or a traditional restoration with rubber dam isolation and local anesthetics. The main goals were clinical caries arrest, measured by tactile and visual assessment of the caries at the ages of 6 and 12 months, and the duration of the therapy. To measure behavioral responses, the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale was used.
RESULTS. There is preliminary evidence that the silver diamine fluoride protocol demonstrates non-inferiority in caries arrest at 6 months, along with a significantly decreased treatment time and an increase in behavioral compliance compared to the conventional group.
CONCLUSIONS. The silver diamine fluoride protocol provides an excellent, clinically minimally invasive, and behaviorally controllable way to cope with caries in hard-to-treat child patients as an alternative to traditional restoration strategies.
AIM. The main objective of the research is to demonstrate that diode laser surgery yields better outcomes than traditional scalpel surgery in lingual frenectomy and, thus, is a more beneficial treatment option.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The short lingual frenum prevents the tongue tip from being pushed out of the lower incisors, hence creating speech and feeding challenges. Ankyloglossia is an inborn and congenital defect, also known as tongue-tie. The participants were divided into two cohorts distinguished by the type of operation method used: one group was operated on with a scalpel, and the other with a 1.5-watt diode laser (810–980 nm). The process of pain, bleeding, edema, and healing in 26 patients of different ages was observed and stratified according to Kotlow’s classification (1999). Postoperative day one, postoperative day two, postoperative day three, postoperative day four, and one, two, three, and four weeks after the frenectomy were used as the follow-up evaluations. The patients who went through the laser-assisted frenectomy procedure had significantly lower levels of discomfort compared to their counterparts who underwent the traditional treatment in the first week of the postoperative period and the very first week of the procedure. The group with laser treatment showed statistically significant wound healing results during the first 24 hours. Other benefits of laser-assisted frenectomy included low bleeding volumes, thus the surgical field remained clear; sutures were removed; analgesic use was reduced; and recovery time was shorter.
RESULTS. The results showed that, in a numeric scale (0–100), all the respondents had preferred the use of the laser technique in case they were given another option. Also, the diode laser cohort had a significantly lower mean pain score (1.846 ± 0.6748) than the scalpel group (2.346 ± 0.4852) on day one (p = 0.006). This difference increased during the first four weeks. The conventional and laser cohorts improved oral function, but the latter achieved a greater improvement. The week two oral function of the laser group was 1.692 ± 0.4707, and the week four scalpel group was 2.269 ± 0.8744, with end-of-week two scores of 1.808 ± 0.6939. These tests provided corresponding p-values of 0.013 and 0.038, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS. Laser frenectomy is an option to the conventional use of a scalpel, which has better intra- and postoperative results.
AIM. The present study aimed to compare the level of wear in the pericervical dentin of the mesial canal of the first mandibular molar using two types of endodontic file systems.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. 30 extracted human first mandibular molars were selected and divided into two groups of 15 teeth randomly to which an initial CT was performed. Group 1 was prepared with the Rotate NiTi file system and for group 2 the Endogal system was used. After the preparation of canals, a final CT was taken and the respective measurements were made comparing the beginning and end. Intergroup comparison was performed with independent t tests.
RESULTS. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups of files with a value of 1.64 mm for Endogal and 1.92 mm for Rotate.
CONCLUSIONS. It is concluded that the pericervical dentin was preserved by conserving its anatomy, when using the two types of rotary file systems for the preparation of the root canals.
INTRODUCTION. The variability of the gnathic part of the human face during the period of removable occlusion is determined by the order of replacement of milk teeth with permanent teeth. AIM. Purpose of the study was to determine the features of the X-ray anatomy of the gnathic part of the face in children in the period of removable occlusion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Teleradiographs and orthopantomograms obtained from 56 children of different ages were analyzed. On orthopantomograms, an articular horizontal was drawn connecting the upper points of the articular heads. From the middle point of the articular horizontal and perpendicular to it, an aesthetic vertical was drawn, which passed between the incisors to the chin point. The ratio of the distance from the midpoint to the articular head to the coefficient of 1.5 determined the position of the retro molar point, from which the retro molar vertical was drawn downwards, which was used as the stress axis for the distal upper teeth. On the lower jaw, the bisector of the mandibular angle served as the stress axis for the lower molars.
RESULTS. The results of the analysis of radiographs of children in the period of occlusion of milk teeth showed that on the radiographs the rudiment of the first upper permanent molar was located in front of the retro molar vertical, and the lower first molar in front of the bisector of the mandibular angle. As the jaws grew, the position of the stress axes changed, but with the optimal size of the jaws, the distal teeth did not extend beyond its limits.
CONCLUSIONS. The X-ray anatomical features of the gnathic part of the face were determined by the replacement of milk teeth with permanent ones. A special place is occupied by the retro molar space, in which distally located permanent molars are formed. The location of permanent teeth or parts of them behind the retro molar verticals creates tension in the gnathic part of the face and can determine the tactics of extraction and non-extraction methods of orthodontic treatment.
AIM. The aim of the study was to improve the effectiveness of preventing inflammatory periodontal diseases in obese children by developing and implementing a comprehensive preventive program.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 80 children (40 with varying degrees of obesity and 40 otherwise healthy), aged 6 to 12 years. The first part of the study examined the condition of the periodontal tissues in all subjects. In the second part of the study, a targeted program for the prevention of periodontal diseases was carried out in accordance with the characteristics of the periodontal condition in the examined children.
RESULTS. A targeted program for the prevention of periodontal disease in obese patients has demonstrated high effectiveness, as it has improved clinical indices: the Simplified Green Vermillion Index by 5.4 times, the PI index, PMA (the average value in the subgroup of patients with obesity was 0) and the PBI index (the number of patients with no bleeding in the subgroup of patients with obesity was 100%); improve microcirculation parameters to normal values according to laser Doppler flowmetry (decrease in microcirculation parameter by 7.0 ± 0.05, increase in the coefficient of variation by 6.5 ± 0.03 and neurogenic tone by 0.5 ± 0.02); to stop inflammatory changes in periodontal tissues according to the immunological study of gingival fluid (decrease in lysozyme by 122.2 ± 14.3, IgA by 0.25, increase in C3 complement by 0.08), to reduce the incidence of the main periodontopathogenic strains – Prevotella intermedia (by 12 times), the incidence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola to complete absence.
CONCLUSIONS. The study identified dental characteristics in obese children that indicate proinflammatory and inflammatory changes in periodontal tissues, which is an indication for the prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Thanks to the implementation of the program developed in the study, inflammation in periodontal tissues in children with obesity was suppressed, which was confirmed by the study results and indicates its effectiveness.
INTRODUCTION. The prevalence of periodontal diseases remains very high today and is considered one of the main causes of tooth loss in the adult population. The existing methods for evaluating the effectiveness of periodontal treatment are outdated, have significant drawbacks and do not reflect the condition of periodontal tissues and the pulpo-periodontal complex. There is an urgent need to develop new methods for evaluating the effectiveness of periodontal treatment.
AIM. The aim of the study is to develop a new method for evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive measures in patients with chronic periodontitis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. For a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive measures, a comprehensive indicator Web of effectiveness of periodontal treatment was developed, which takes into account the values of bleeding and gingival inflammation, the depth of periodontal probing, dynamic mobility of teeth, the condition of the dental pulp and the level of oral hygiene.
RESULTS. The method of calculating the indicator Web of effectiveness of periodontal treatment and evaluating its effectiveness in a clinical trial is described.
CONCLUSION. A new comprehensive diagnostic indicator Web of effectiveness of periodontal treatment is proposed for a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive measures in patients with chronic periodontitis, as well as visualization of the results of a clinical study. The proposed indicator has high practical significance and reflects the condition of not only periodontal tissues, but also the pulp-periodontal complex.
Currently, oncological diseases of the oral mucosa and the maxillofacial region are characterized by a high prevalence rate, necessitating timely diagnosis and the improvement of their medical and social rehabilitation. The priority objective in this regard is to reduce morbidity and mortality while enhancing the quality of life for cancer patients through proven, evidence-based measures in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care, as well as through the identification of specific risk groups. Improving care for patients with oncological diseases requires effective interaction between the patient and the healthcare facility, and, on the part of specialists, the implementation of innovative technologies. The advancements in global medical science are accompanied by the emergence of new communication opportunities linked to artificial intelligence systems. These systems have demonstrated highly effective results in the early diagnosis of precancerous conditions, as well as in organizing treatment and preventive measures for patients with disabilities residing in remote areas, thereby increasing the rate of early patient referrals. Meanwhile, one effective method for detecting precancerous and cancerous conditions is the screening program. In the Russian Federation, however, developed screening programs are not widely implemented within the country’s practical healthcare system. Nevertheless, the unresolved issues concerning the early diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of oncological diseases of the maxillofacial region underscore the need for further research. Such research, aimed at finding clinically effective methods and tools, represents a pressing issue in clinical dentistry.
AIM. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the modified method of treating chronic pulpitis taking into account unfavorable outcomes from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Were examined 126 patients aged 20 to 60 years with a confirmed diagnosis of chronic fibrous pulpitis (K04.03) using evidence-based medicine criteria (ARR, RRR, NNT, OR) to evaluate the effectiveness of treating chronic pulpitis using a modified method developed by the authors in comparison with the standard treatment method. These were calculated based on outcome indicators: the primary endpoint was tooth extraction, the secondary endpoint was retreatment of endodontic therapy, and the surrogate endpoint was the presence of radiographic changes in the absence of clinical signs. Post-hoc comparisons were performed using the Pearson χ2 test with Holm’s correction. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.
RESULTS. With the modified treatment method, no cases of tooth extraction were detected (χ2 = 5.87, df = 1, р = 0.015), the absolute risk reduction (ARR) was 4.9%, and the number of teeth that need to be treated to prevent 1 tooth extraction – NNT = 20. A shift from 1 OR value to the left determines a significant positive dynamic of the risk of tooth extraction in the modified treatment group. The results of the comparison for the secondary endpoint showed that the percentage of complications with the modified treatment method is three times lower than with the standard one: 2.5% versus 7.3%, respectively (χ2 = 2.56, df = 1, р = 0.109). The difference in the frequency of this complication (ARR) is 4.8%, and the number of teeth that need to be treated to prevent 1 repeated endodontic treatment is 21 cases (NNT = 20). A leftward shift of the OR value from 1 indicates a moderate decrease in the risk of endodontic retreatment in the study group. A surrogate assessment revealed that the percentage of radiographic changes observed with the new treatment method was in three times lower than with standard treatment: 1.7% versus 4.9%, respectively (χ2 = 1.69, df = 1, p = 0.194). The difference in these proportions (ARR) was 3.2%, and the number of teeth needed to treat to prevent one case of radiographic changes (NNT) was 31. A leftward shift of the OR value from 1 indicates that has been identified a tendency to decrease risk of occurrence the radiographic changes in the study group.
CONCLUSIONS. The obtained data indicate the clinical prospects of the modified treatment method and need for further research with an expanded sample.
INTRODUCTION. The palatogingival groove is a developmental anomaly of maxillary anterior teeth that may heighten susceptibility to periodontal and endodontic diseases. This study examined the prevalence and morphological features of the palatogingival groove in an Iraqi population utilizing cone beam computed tomography.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. This retrospective study assessed cone beam computed tomography scans from 500 patients (250 males and 250 females) collected between 2020 and 2025. Only high-quality image of both maxillary anterior teeth was used. Any image with restorations, root canal treatment, resorption, deep caries, or artifacts. Two calibrated examiners independently evaluated the presence of the palatogingival groove, tooth distribution, laterality, and morphology in accordance with Gu’s classification.
RESULTS. The palatogingival groove was found in 7.8% of patients, and it was more common in males (5.8%) than in females (2%). The maxillary lateral incisors were the most affected (7.4%), while the central incisors and canines were the least affected (0.2% each). Bilateral the palatogingival groove was noted in 1.2% of cases, occurring solely in lateral incisors. All grooves were categorized as Type I. There was a very high level of agreement between observers (κ = 0.92).
CONCLUSIONS. The palatogingival groove is a fairly common anatomical difference in Iraq, mostly affecting the maxillary lateral incisors and showing up as unilateral Type I grooves. Recognizing this anomaly is important for making an accurate diagnosis and planning treatment.
Dental anxiety in children remains one of the main barriers to preventive dental care and successful treatment. Although behavioral management techniques are widely used in pediatric dentistry, their application is often unsystematic and rarely incorporates the potential of the educational environment. This review summarizes current national and international studies addressing the factors involved in the development of dental anxiety in children and approaches to its prevention. Dental anxiety is shown to be influenced by individual psychological characteristics, family-related factors, and social context. Particular attention is given to the role of mental health professionals. While the involvement of medical psychologists in dental settings is limited by organizational constraints, school psychologists have significant potential for early identification of anxiety-related risks and the development of emotional self-regulation skills. The integration of school psychologists into interdisciplinary preventive models may improve the effectiveness of pediatric dental care.
Forensic dentistry is essential in human identification, especially in mass disasters, criminal investigations, and unidentified remains. This qualitative and descriptive literature review examines advancements in forensic dentistry from 2010 to 2025, focusing on emerging technology like artificial intelligence (AI) and digital methods, including virtual autopsy (virtopsy). Key innovations discussed are digital radiography, cone-beam computed tomography, AI-driven image analysis for dental record matching, and non-invasive virtopsy for postmortem examination. These tools enhance precision, efficiency, and automation in identifying human remains. Artificial intelligence contributes significantly by improving pattern recognition and predictive modeling, though challenges persist, including ethical concerns, data privacy, algorithmic bias, and legal integration. The study underscores that, while these technologies elevate forensic practices, their success depends on interdisciplinary collaboration and standardized protocols. Combining innovation with traditional methods ensures reliability and offers a transformative future for forensic dentistry.
INTRODUCTION. Today, herpes virus infection is the leading cause of various clinical manifestations, high contagiousness, poor perinatal outcomes, and damage to all human systems and organs.
AIM. The purpose of this study is to examine the quantitative and qualitative composition of immunoglobulins in oral fluid and blood serum in patients with herpes virus infection.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. On the basis of the Department of Therapeutic Dentistry of the Privolzhsky Research Medical University (Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation), 25 patients suffering from herpes-virus infection of the oral cavity and the red border of the lips were examined. On the first day of the study and on the 14th day, the levels of secretory immunoglobulins, lysozyme, and the coefficient of local immunity factors were quantitatively determined.
RESULTS. When studying humoral immunity in the blood serum, there was a noticeably high level of IgG both on the 1st and 14th day of the study, which was also characteristic of IgM, and the concentration of IgA gradually increased by the end of the second week of the disease. The study of the content of immunoglobulin A in the oral fluid showed an increase in the titer by the end of the second week of the study, while the concentration of IgM was negligible, and the concentration of IgG slowly decreased by the 14th day.
CONCLUSIONS. When performing a correlation analysis between the groups of blood serum and oral fluid immunoglobulins, it was possible to trace similar changes in the ratio of data on their content, which allows us to use oral fluid indicators to assess the severity of herpes virus infection in the oral cavity and to monitor the treatment process.
INTRODUCTION. Patients with various forms of periodontitis account for 30–40% of all clinic visitors. Among chronic forms of periodontitis, destructive forms predominate. Among those seeking emergency dental care, patients with acute or exacerbated chronic periodontitis account for 75%. Long-term inflammation of the periodontal tissues is the most common cause of tooth loss and the formation of odontogenic infection foci. The presence of an infection foci poses a risk due to the progressive increase in pathogens and bacteriotoxins in the oral fluid. The quality of treatment outcomes depends on the medicamental and instrumental treatment of the root canals and the complete obturation of the root canal system.
AIM. To study the microflora of the apical granuloma and develop a treatment protocol.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study was conducted on 83 rabbits. Clinical, radiographic, and microbiological methods were used in the experiments. The animals were divided into two groups: the main group (n = 43) and the control group (n = 40). The main group received treatment according to the protocol developed by the authors, using a stromal-vascular fraction in combination with an osteogenesis stimulator. The control group received standard therapy, which included endodontic root canal treatment followed by extraapical filling.
RESULTS. Before treatment, high levels of microbial contamination of the apical granuloma were detected in the animals: Gram-positive cocci were 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/ml, Gram-negative cocci – 1.9 × 10⁷ CFU/ml. After treatment, the main group demonstrated a decrease in the number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cocci by 0.7 × 10⁶ CFU/ml (p < 0.001). Six and 12 months after therapy, the results remained stable, and a further decrease in the number of pathogenic microorganisms was noted. In the control group, the titers of microbial contamination of the apical granuloma contents decreased by 0.2 × 10⁵ (p < 0.001) after treatment. However, after 6 months, microbial contamination returned to baseline levels. Twelve months after treatment, an increase in contamination by 0.3 × 10⁶ CFU/ml was observed.
CONCLUSION. An analysis of the results of treatment for apical destructive forms of periodontitis using a stromal-vascular fraction and an osteogenesis stimulator under experimental conditions demonstrated high therapeutic efficacy in 99.9% of cases. Furthermore, an evaluation of the treatment protocol proposed by the authors confirmed a reduced incidence of complications and a stable therapeutic effect over a long-term observation period.
AIM. To conduct a clinical assessment of the capabilities and manipulation characteristics of a modified tungsten alloy endodontic finishing file.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study design involved the participation of 7 dentists with at least 10 years of experience performing endodontic treatment at 7 different medical clinics. Each of the specialists performed endodontic treatment of 15 teeth, both primary and repeated, in accordance with established diagnoses for diseases of the pulp and periodontium with optic magnification. The irrigation stage of the root canal system was complemented by the use of a finishing file made by twisting wire from a modified tungsten alloy with a bundle of microbristles on the end part. The study used 105 instruments in 105 clinical cases. To standardize the assessment of capabilities and manipulation characteristics, a specially designed questionnaire was used to comprehensively evaluate the work with the instrument. Clinical photo documentation of the work stages, data collection and archiving, statistical processing and subsequent analysis were carried out. The consistency of expert opinions was studied by calculating the Kendall concordance coefficient (W).
RESULTS. The clinical capabilities and manipulative characteristics of a finishing endodontic file made of a modified tungsten alloy based on a standardized profile questionnaire have been determined. The moderate consistency of expert opinions (W = 0.54) is statistically significant at a very high level (p < 0.001), which allows us to consider the expert assessments to be objective. The advantages and limitations of using these files are outlined. Clinical recommendations for the use of this instrument have been formulated.
CONCLUSIONS. The use of a twisted-type endodontic finishing file made of a modified tungsten alloy in the root canal irrigation algorithm forms a new approach in endodontics aimed at improving root canal treatment and increasing the success of treatment in clinical dentistry. The results obtained will form the basis for the development of methodological approaches to conducting both laboratory and clinical research in this area.
INTRODUCTION. Acrylic resins are widely and primarily utilized in prosthodontics as the basis material for dentures. The acrylic resin denture base’s porosity is an inappropriate feature. During prosthesis use, water absorbed by the acrylic resin’s surface acts as a plasticizer and may cause volume fluctuations
AIM. To assess how adding two different kinds of nanoparticles – silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide – affects the acrylic resin denture base’s porosity, water sorption, and solubility.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty heat-cured acrylic samples were used for the porosity and solubility tests, and each test’s samples were split into three set: control group – heat cured acrylic resin alone, heat cured acrylic resin material with 2% of TiO2 nanoparticles and heat cured acrylic resin with 2% of SiO2 nanoparticles group. A rectangular sample measuring 50 × 4 × 2 mm ± 1 mm was created for the porosity test, while a disc sample measuring 40 × 2.5 mm was created for the water sorption and solubility test.
RESULTS. The TiO2 group had the highest mean porosity test value (2.504), whereas the Control group had the lowest (1.468). The SiO2 group had the greatest mean value for the water sorption test (1.28572430), whereas the TiO2 group had the lowest (0.66882004). The control group had the highest mean solubility test score (0.649619315), while the SiO2 group had the lowest (0.45170539).
CONCLUSIONS. The porosity of heat-cured acrylic resin was not decreased by adding TiO2 or SiO2. Water sorption is reduced when TiO2 is added. Solubility was also reduced by adding 2% SiO2.
AIM. The aim of this study was to improve the effectiveness of complex therapy for children with congenital cleft lip and palate during the mixed dentition period prior to maxillary alveolar bone grafting by developing an orthodontic treatment method.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The developed method was applied at the Dental Clinical Center of the Republic Hospital No. 1 – National Center of Medicine (Yakutsk, Russian Federation) in 101 patients aged 6–7 years who underwent cheiloplasty and uranoplasty between 2007 and 2025 prior to bone grafting.
RESULTS. The method was applied after the eruption of the central incisors, before the formation and eruption of the permanent canine on the cleft side. This method ensures a fixed, normal position of all permanent and deciduous teeth, including those bordering the alveolar ridge cleft, creating optimal conditions for bone grafting of the maxillary alveolar ridge. The developed orthodontic treatment method ensures a fixed, normal position of all permanent and deciduous teeth in the dental arch, including those bordering the alveolar ridge cleft, and also creates favorable conditions for proper jaw growth and development.
CONCLUSIONS. The use of the proposed orthodontic treatment method promotes optimal restoration of dental and jaw function and enables timely and efficient implementation of comprehensive medical and social measures aimed at restoring the anatomical integrity of oral organs and tissues, as well as the child’s social adaptation.
INTRODUCTION. Mixed saliva is an informative biological medium reflecting the general state of the body and sensitive to occupational exposure factors. Changes in its macro- and microelement composition under the influence of chemical agents can significantly affect the processes of mineralization and demineralization of dental hard tissues, as well as serve as an early diagnostic marker of dental and systemic pathologies.
AIM. To perform X-ray fluorescence analysis of mixed saliva in workers of chemical enterprises, assessing qualitative and quantitative changes in elemental composition and their relationship with clinical manifestations of dental pathology.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 121 workers of chemical industries with more than 5 years of occupational experience were examined. The control group consisted of 82 individuals not exposed to occupational hazards. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected in the fasting state. Elemental composition was determined using total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis (TXRF) on an S2 PICOFOX spectrometer (Bruker) with selenium as an internal standard.
RESULTS. Significant deviations of the elemental composition of mixed saliva from physiological norms were revealed in workers of chemical enterprises. Increased concentrations of zinc, strontium, iron, and copper were observed along with decreased potassium levels. More than half of the examined individuals showed the presence of toxic elements, including lead and barium, as well as titanium. The levels of sulfur, chlorine, and manganese were generally within acceptable ranges. A decrease in phosphorus levels with relatively normal calcium content was established, accompanied by an increased Ca/P ratio, indicating the predominance of dephosphorylation processes. Clinically, this was associated with a high prevalence of non-carious lesions (erosion, wedge-shaped defects, increased tooth wear), accounting for approximately 65% of cases.
CONCLUSIONS. X-ray fluorescence analysis demonstrated pronounced disturbances in the elemental homeostasis of mixed saliva in workers of chemical enterprises, caused by occupational exposure. The identified changes, including accumulation of essential and toxic elements and imbalance of the calcium-phosphorus ratio, play a significant role in the development of predominantly non-carious dental lesions. These findings should be considered when developing preventive and therapeutic strategies, taking into account the specifics of the industrial environment.
This case report describes the successful endodontic management of an 18-year-old male patient diagnosed with chronic apical periodontitis accompanied by isolated bone destruction in both the apical and furcation regions of mandibular molar #46. The patient presented with mild masticatory discomfort, a nonvital pulp, and radiolucencies detected in the furcation and periapical areas. Root canal treatment was performed using rotary instrumentation. This case underscores the role of meticulous chemomechanical preparation, irrigant activation, and coronal sealing in achieving predictable healing even in complex anatomical conditions involving accessory and interradicular canals. Early identification of these anatomic features and adherence to comprehensive endodontic protocols significantly enhance long-term treatment outcomes.
This article reviews the mechanisms of monoclonal antibodies affecting wound healing in the oral cavity and the maxillofacial region. The analysis focuses on key targets, including TNFα, IL4/IL13, TSLP, IgE, RANKLRANK, and VEGFVEGFR, and their impact on inflammation, angiogenesis, epithelialization, and bone remodeling. Particular attention is given to antiTNF agents (infliximab), Th2targeted therapies (dupilumab, tezepelumab, omalizumab), antiRANKL therapy (denosumab), and antiVEGF/VEGFR agents (ramucirumab), and their association with medicationrelated osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) and other oral complications. The article emphasizes the need for a interdisciplinary approach in dental and maxillofacial surgical practice to minimize complications and improve outcomes in patients receiving monoclonal antibodybased targeted therapy.
INTRODUCTION. Modern surgical dentistry is searching for the most effective bone-substituting materials that ensure predictable bone tissue regeneration in the alveolar ridge area. In this context, the domestically produced osteoplastic material “Gistograft” based on octacalcium phosphate granules for socket augmentation is of significant interest due to its use of nucleic acids as molecular triggers for reparative processes. The primary proposed mechanism of action is the stimulation of growth factor expression, among which vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role.
AIM. To assess bone tissue condition following socket augmentation with an osteoplastic material based on octacalcium phosphate granules using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 15 patients aged 18 to 45 years with ICD-10 diagnosis K04.5 “Chronic periodontitis” without severe comorbidities. Patients were randomized into two groups. In the first group (8 patients), socket augmentation with synthetic osteoplastic material based on octacalcium phosphate granules was performed after tooth extraction. In the second group (7 patients), no augmentation was performed, and healing occurred under blood clot. Bone tissue condition was assessed by CBCT before surgery and 6 months post-intervention. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 6.0 software, with differences considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.
RESULTS. In the first group, CBCT data at 6 months post-surgery showed marked positive dynamics with signs of mineralization and integration of octacalcium phosphate granules into surrounding bone tissue. Mean bone height in the defect area increased from 13.4 mm to 16.5 mm, while ridge width remained stable (approximately 5 mm). In the second group, ridge height decreased by an average of 4 ± 2 mm: height decreased from 8.0 mm to 6.4 mm, width from 4.0 mm to 3.3 mm. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION. The use of synthetic osteoplastic material based on octacalcium phosphate granules for socket augmentation allows formation of sufficient bone volume and height for subsequent implant treatment and reduces the need for additional bone grafting procedures.
ISSN 1726-7242 (Online)
